(A) Phenotype of HIV-specific multimer+ CD8+ T cells from viremic, ART-suppressed, or controller individuals (compared with naive CD8+ T cells from an HIV negative individual). (B and C) TCF-1 expression is higher in less differentiated naive and effector-memory subsets of bulk (B) and HIV-specific (C) CD8+ T cells. (D) Correlation between the expression of TCF-1 and other phenotypic markers in multimer+ CD8+ T cells (GranB, Granzyme B; black dots, all participants; green triangles, controllers only). (E) Expression of CD127, Granzyme B, and T-bet within TCF-1+ versus TCF-1– HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. These studies included data from a maximum of n = 13 viremic, 10 ART-suppressed, and 12 controller participants (as indicated in each figure), some with 2 multimer specificities. Linear mixed effects models to account for clustering within participants (A and B), Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test (C and E), Spearman’s correlation (D).