Figure 7. GSC subpopulations with increased activation of PI3K/AKT, WNT/β-catenin, NF-κB, and MAPK/P38 core signaling pathways have increased expression of markers for cell proliferation and translation.

Violin plots indicate protein status of markers of cell proliferation (Ki-67) and translation (p4E-BP1, pS6) by GSC subpopulation in (A) TS667, (B) 0308, and (C) MGG8 cells. Bottom panels show the levels (high, black; low, gray) of the cell-surface markers defining each subpopulation. Arrows highlight the subpopulation with the highest average protein expression, as discussed in the text. GSC, glioblastoma stem cell.