Table 1.
Results of GLMMs of the variation in bootstrapped mean site-level (a) population trends of resident, arid- and humid-zone migrant bird species breeding at 13 859 PECBMS sites across Europe between 1994 and 2013, (b) standardized productivity, and (c) standardized adult survival of resident and arid- and humid-zone migrant bird species on 336 Euro-CES sites across Europe between 2004 and 2014, and the proportion of 1000 bootstrapped models reporting significant (p < 0.05) effects. (The variance explained by the random effect of site for (a) population trends = 0.006 (s.d. = 0.07), (b) productivity = 0.26 (s.d. = 0.51), and (c) adult survival = 0.04 (0.19). Main effects are included in all models but only presented in the table when interaction terms are not significant (see methods for details).)
| demographic rate | fixed effects | estimate (s.e.) | χ2 | d.f. | p-value | proportion significant (p < 0.05) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (a) population trend | longitude | −0.0007 (0.0001) | 0.26 | 1 | 0.609 | 0.003 |
| latitude * migratory status: | 21.65 | 2 | <0.001 | 1.00 | ||
| resident | 0.0003 (0.0003) | |||||
| arid | −0.0012 (0.0003) | |||||
| humid | −0.0015 (0.0003) | |||||
| (b) productivity | longitude | −0.011 (0.004) | 7.08 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.99 |
| latitude | 0.041 (0.006) | 39.07 | 1 | <0.001 | 1.00 | |
| migratory status: | 6.89 | 2 | 0.032 | 0.444 | ||
| resident | −2.02 (0.31) | |||||
| arid | −2.17 (0.33) | |||||
| humid | −2.07 (0.32) | |||||
| (c) adult survival | longitude | −0.014 (0.002) | 33.16 | 1 | <0.001 | 1.00 |
| latitude | 0.24 | 1 | 0.628 | 0.006 | ||
| migratory status | 4.16 | 2 | 0.125 | 0.016 |