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. 2021 Mar 5;26:30. doi: 10.1186/s12199-021-00953-1

Table 3.

Risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms

Moderate-severe level depression p Suicide-related ideation p Severe suicide-related ideation p
(+) (−) (+) (−) (+) (−)
n % n % n % n % n % n %
Sex 0.533 0.865 0.318
 Women 135 48 986 46 73 45 1038 46 24 53 1087 46
 Men 147 52 1162 54 88 55 1217 54 21 47 1284 54
Age 0.009 0.138 0.060
 <20 100 35 943 44 60 37 975 43 13 29 1022 43
 20− 182 65 1218 56 102 63 1292 57 32 71 1362 57
Hometown 0.004 0.226 0.642
 Outside Akita 189 67 1248 58 88 54 1342 59 28 62 1402 59
 Within Akita 94 33 913 42 74 46 926 41 17 38 983 41
Living alone 0.002 0.745 0.505
 Alone 193 70 1281 60 99 62 1368 61 29 66 1438 61
 Not alone 84 30 859 40 60 38 876 39 15 34 921 39
Exercise <.001 0.006 0.011
 Highest quartile 49 19 502 26 28 19 484 24 7 17 541 25
 Second highest quartile 54 21 497 26 30 21 518 25 9 22 541 25
 Second lowest quartile 62 24 492 25 34 23 520 25 6 15 546 25
 Lowest quartile 93 36 447 23 53 37 520 25 19 46 518 24
Smoking <.001 0.009 0.003
 Current 19 7 52 2 9 6 62 3 5 11 66 3
 Past 12 4 46 2 8 5 50 2 2 4 56 2
 Never 252 89 2062 95 145 90 2155 95 38 84 2262 95
Alcohol <.001 <.001 <0.001
 5-7/week 13 5 33 2 9 6 37 2 4 9 42 2
 3-4/week 16 6 73 3 11 7 77 3 6 13 82 3
 1-2/week 62 22 419 19 28 17 452 20 7 16 473 20
 Never~seldom 192 68 1631 76 114 70 1697 75 28 62 1783 75
Social network service daily use
 Either sound or video 73 26 379 18 <.001 37 23 411 18 0.1339 12 27 436 18 0.150
Worries <.001 0.0025 0.303
 Financial strain 63 22 465 22 39 24 487 22 10 23 516 22
 Academic record 80 28 492 23 43 27 526 23 12 27 557 23
 Leisure 56 20 628 29 36 22 642 28 10 23 668 28
 Social support 56 20 301 14 35 22 321 14 10 23 346 15
 Physical activity 26 9 270 13 8 5 287 13 2 5 293 12
Anyone to consult about worries <.001 <.001 <0.001
 Yes 148 52 1760 81 75 46 1821 80 24 53 1872 79
 None 135 48 400 19 87 54 446 20 21 47 512 21