Table 1.

Patient Characteristics

Characteristics	N	%
Total cases	373,991
Age, y
65–69	109094	29.17
70–74	108156	28.92
75–79	78288	20.93
80–84	48741	13.03
≥85	29712	7.94
Gender
Male	142428	38.08
Female	231563	61.92
Race
White	320694	85.75
Black	20950	5.6
Hispanic	20633	5.52
Other	9855	2.64
Missing	1859	0.5
Resided in Metropolitan County
Yes	278266	74.4
No	95318	25.49
Missing	407	0.11
Division
East North Central	39005	10.43
East South Central	18757	5.02
Middle Atlantic	34378	9.19
Mountain	30912	8.27
New England	51773	13.84
Pacific	16997	4.54
South Atlantic	77765	20.79
West North Central	29195	7.81
West South Central	36851	9.85
Unknown	38358	10.26
Charlson Comorbidity Index
None (CCI 0)	94751	25.34
Mild (CCI 1, 2)	141481	37.83
Moderate (CCI 3, 4)	77217	20.65
Severe (CCI ≥5)	60542	16.19
Medicaid eligibility	56628	15.14
Any hospitalization in previous year	78201	20.91
Skilled nursing facility stay in previous year	12483	3.34
History of tobacco use	56317	15.06
Surgery Type
Major surgery	223542	59.77
Minor surgery	150449	40.23
Mental Health Disorders
Adjustment	6579	1.76
Anxiety	46862	12.53
Mood	56450	15.09
Suicide or self-harm	590	0.16
Disruptive	1393	0.37
Personality	678	0.18
Psychosis	7183	1.92
Alcohol or other substance use disorders	9507	2.54
Other Mental Health Disorders	10101	2.7
Pain Disorders
Arthritis	311507	83.29
Back	149225	39.9
Neck	57661	15.42
Other pain	149055	39.86
Opioid filled during preop period (365 to 31 days prior to admission)
Yes	168579	45.08
No (Opioid Naive)	205412	54.92
Opioid filled during periop period (30 days before admission to 14 days after discharge)	266444	71.24
Benzo and Opioid filled concurrently during periop period	14771	3.95