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. 2021 Jan 25;376(1820):20190758. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0758

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© 2021 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 2. — Eukaryotic membranes control dynamic intracellular signalling. (a) Massive diversification of lipids and ion channels creates compartments and circuits within a flexible and excitable endomembrane system. (b) The mitochondrion has a distinctive two-layer topology with unique capacitative properties (IM, inner membrane; OM, outer membrane; C_i, C_o are IM, OM capacitances; R_i, R_o and R_m are IM, OM and matrix resistances; R_s is the resistance of the inner membrane space; R_c is a ‘shunt’ resistance [264] arising from cristae extending across the intermembrane space). (c) Excitable signalling in cilia manifests as fast transitions or escape responses, as observed here in an octoflagellate protist [228] which switches between three distinct behavioural states (run, stop and shock).