Fig 4. The effect of population on genomic prediction (GP) accuracy for 16 wheat agronomic traits under terminal drought stress (TDS) and well-watered (WW) conditions.

A-F´) The accuracy of GP in the whole association panel (WAP), subpopulation-I (SBP-I), and subpopulation-II (SBP-II) are shown with green, red, and blue colors, respectively. The prediction accuracies were calculated by ridge regression-best linear unbiased prediction (RR-BLUP), genomic best linear unbiased predictions (GBLUP), and Bayesian ridge regression (BRR) methods. The boxplots show the first, second (median) and third quartile. The middle points indicate a mean of GP accuracies for the trait of interest. DTH, days to heading; DTM, days to maturity; DHTM, duration of heading-to-maturity; PH, plant height (cm); GY, grain yield (kg/m²); TKW, thousand kernel weight (g); SEL, seed length (mm); SEW, seed width (mm); SN, seed number per spike (number); SPL, spike length (cm); SPW, spike weight (g); FLL, flag leaf length (cm); FLW, flag leaf width (mm); PL, peduncle length (cm); SHD, shoot diameter (mm) and AWL, awn length (cm).