Table 1.
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of Characteristics of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Presenting with Pulmonary Metastasis at the Initial Diagnosis (%)
| Characteristics | Total | HCC Patients (2010–2015) | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With PM | Without PM | ||||
| Patients | 25,236 | 897 (3.6) | 24,339 (96.4) | – | – |
| Age | |||||
| <50 | 1388 | 81 (5.8) | 1307 (94.6) | 1(Reference) | 1 |
| 50–60 | 7346 | 277 (3.1) | 7069 (96.9) | 0.73(0.56–0.98) | 0.03✱ |
| 60–70 | 9281 | 285 (3.1) | 8996 (96.9) | 0.62(0.47–0.82) | <0.001✱ |
| 70–80 | 4917 | 169 (3.4) | 4748 (96.6) | 0.75(0.56–1.02) | 0.06 |
| >80 | 2304 | 85 (3.7) | 2219 (96.3) | 0.85(0.60–1.19) | 0.34 |
| Race | |||||
| White | 17,327 | 534 (3.1) | 16,793 (96.9) | 1(Reference) | 1 |
| Black | 3508 | 168 (4.8) | 3340 (95.2) | 1.36(1.12–1.64) | 0.002✱ |
| Other✱✱ | 4401 | 195 (4.4) | 4206 (95.6) | 1.45(1.21–1.74) | <0.001✱ |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 5934 | 192 (3.2) | 5742 (96.8) | 1(Reference) | 1 |
| Male | 19,302 | 705 (3.7) | 18,597(96.3) | 1.01(0.84–1.20) | 0.951 |
| Edmonson-Steiner classification | |||||
| Unknown | 16,406 | 583(3.6) | 15,823(96.5) | 1(Reference) | 1 |
| I | 2736 | 57(2.1) | 2679(97.9) | 0.73(0.54–0.96) | 0.03✱ |
| II | 4168 | 127 (3.0) | 4041 (97.0) | 0.95(0.77–1.56) | 0.60 |
| III | 1800 | 120 (6.7) | 1680 (93.3) | 1.43(1.14–1.76) | 0.001✱ |
| IV | 126 | 10 (7.9) | 116 (92.1) | 1.78(0.84–3.36) | 0.10 |
| T stage | |||||
| T1 | 12,259 | 236 (1.9) | 12,023 (98.1) | 1(Reference) | 1 |
| T2 | 5997 | 114 (1.9) | 5883 (98.1) | 0.90(0.71–1.13) | 0.39 |
| T3 | 6154 | 408 (6.6) | 5746 (93.4) | 2.41(2.02–2.87) | <0.001✱ |
| T4 | 826 | 139 (16.8) | 687 (83.2) | 5.96(4.67–7.58) | <0.001✱ |
| N stage | |||||
| N0 | 23,504 | 679 (2.9) | 22,825 (97.1) | 1(Reference) | 1 |
| N1 | 1732 | 218 (12.6) | 1514 (87.4) | 2.38(1.98–2.85) | <0.001✱ |
| Bone metastasis | |||||
| None | 24,499 | 754 (3.1) | 23,745 (96.9) | 1(Reference) | 1 |
| Yes | 737 | 143 (19.4) | 594 (80.6) | 4.40(3.47–5.55) | <0.001✱ |
| Brain metastasis | |||||
| None | 25,183 | 879 (3.5) | 24,304 (96.5) | 1(Reference) | 1 |
| Yes | 53 | 18 (34.0) | 35 (66.0) | 6.75(3.48–12.63) | <0.001✱ |
| Intrahepatic metastasis | |||||
| None | 25,045 | 821 (3.3) | 24,224 (96.7) | 1(Reference) | 1 |
| Yes | 191 | 76 (39.8) | 115 (60.2) | 6.94(3.48–12.63) | <0.001✱ |
| AFP | |||||
| Unknown | 4038 | 121 (3.0) | 3917 (97.0) | 1(Reference) | 1 |
| Elevated | 15,244 | 680 (4.5) | 14,564 (95.5) | 1.05(0.85–1.30) | 0.64 |
| Normal | 5954 | 96 (1.6) | 5858 (98.4) | 0.56(0.42–0.74) | <0.001✱ |
| Insurance status | |||||
| Uninsured | 11,027 | 367 (3.3) | 10,660 (96.7) | 1(Reference) | 1 |
| Insured | 14,209 | 530 (3.7) | 13,679 (96.3) | 0.94(0.81–1.10) | 0.42 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Unmarried | 11,021 | 401 (3.6) | 10,620 (96.4) | 1(Reference) | 1 |
| Married | 14,215 | 496 (3.5) | 13,719 (96.5) | 0.88(0.76–1.02) | 0.09 |
Notes: ✱Indicates significance of P<0.05. ✱✱Indicates American Indian/AK Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, and unknown.
Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; PM, pulmonary metastasis; AFP, alpha fetoprotein; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.