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. 2021 Mar 1;16:499–517. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S291967

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© 2021 Bourbeau et al.

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Disease severity and exacerbation history are strongly correlated with pneumonia risk whereas ICS only adds a small additional risk.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; OCS, oral corticosteroid; OR, odds ratio. The graph has been independently created from the original data.⁴⁹