Table 3.

Stair descent kinematics

Joint	Peak Angles (degrees)	CG (n = 30) Mean (SD)	HOA (n = 42) Mean (SD)	Mean difference (95% CI)	β-value	P value
Hip	Flexion	12.19 (7.96)	11.37 (5.3)	0.82 (−2.93, 4.57)	0.82	.67
	Extension	−11.36 (10.27)	−13.86 (7.9)	2.5 (−2.26, 7.26)	2.5	.3
	Abduction	−4.95 (3.47)	−3.51 (3.51)	−1.44 (−3.1, 0.21)	−1.44	.09
	Adduction	3.56 (3.93)	5.1 (3.55)	−1.54 (−3.45, 0.38)	−1.54	.12
	Internal rotation	−0.60 (4.91)	1.4 (4.17)	−2 (−4.35, 0.35)	−2	.095
	External rotation	−9.78 (4.8)	−7.99 (3.78)	−1.79 (−3.8, 0.23)	−1.79	.08
Knee	Flexion	−59.43 (10.33)	−57.7 (8.39)	−1.73 (−6.45, 2.99)	−1.73	.47
	Extension	−15.47 (4.87)	−12.01 (4.91)	−3.46 (−6.04, −0.88)	−3.46	.009*
	Abduction	−2.92 (4.84)	−1.94 (3.65)	−0.98 (−3.25, 1.28)	−0.99	.39
	Adduction	3.03 (5.03)	3.25 (3.96)	0.22 (−2.53, 2.1)	−0.21	.86
	Internal rotation	1.3 (5.5)	−1.43 (6.33)	2.73 (0.01, 5.45)	2.73	.049*
	External rotation	−10.06 (4.38)	−12.82 (6.64)	2.76 (0.19, 5.32)	2.76	.035*
Ankle	Flexion	−14.05 (4.07)	−16.55 (5.2)	2.5 (−0.55, 4.72)	2.49	.037*
	Extension	33.14 (5.32)	31.06 (5.61)	2.08 (0.15, 4.83)	2.08	.12
	Inversion	6.57 (3.54)	7.18 (3.16)	−0.61 (−2.23, 1)	−0.62	.46
	Eversion	−3.77 (2.85)	−4.66 (3.68)	0.89 (−0.71, 2.49)	0.89	.28
	Internal rotation	−4.91 (5.99)	−9.41 (6.04)	4.5 (1.33, 7.68)	4.51	.005*
	External rotation	−13.49 (5.32)	−17.86 (5.49)	4.37 (1.56, 7.17)	4.36	.002*

Mean (SD) of minimum and maximum values (in degrees) for hip, knee, and ankle in sagittal, frontal, and transverse plane kinematics during stair descent; β and P values for group effects as determined by GEE test; GEE = generalized estimating equations; SD = standard deviation; HOA = experimental group; CG = control group; CI = confidence interval.

^*Indicates statistically significant difference P < .05; positive value-internal rotation, hip and ankle flexion, knee extension, adduction, and ankle inversion; negative value-external rotation, hip and ankle extension, knee flexion, abduction, and ankle eversion.