Table 2.
Responses to rVSV-ZEBOV.
| Model | Responses to rVSV-ZEBOV | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protection? | Antibody production? | CD4+/CD8+ | B cells | NK cells | |
| Humans | Yes (127). | Yes. Antibodies also cross-react with other EBOV species (127). | Increased activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (76). | Polyclonal, convergent B cell responses observed in a trial of 4 vaccinees (127). | Modulation of NK cells contributes to early efficacy of the vaccine (128). |
| Macaques (cynomolgus and rhesus) | Yes (86) (108) (113). | Yes. Strong correlation observed between GP-specific IgG and survival (86) (108) (113). | Similar to natural infection, circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells declined during infection, regardless of prior treatment or vaccination (86). CD4+ T cells likely contribute to establishing protection from vaccination (109) whilst CD8+ T cells are not required for vaccine protection (101). | Required for production of antibodies which mediate protection. Although CD20-depleted macaques were shown to have detectable EBOV-specific antibodies, this is likely due to persistence in lymphoid organs (101). | Increased in response to vaccine (86). |
| African green monkeys | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Mice (mouse-adapted model) | Yes (129) (113). | Yes. Strong correlation observed between GP-specific IgG and survival (113). | CD8+ T cell depletion does not compromise protection (107). CD4+ T cells (and B cells) are main mediators of protection (112). |
B cells (and CD4+ T cells) are the main mediators of protection (112). | NK-cell population is enhanced by vaccine and increases survival (130). |
| Naïve or immunocompromised mice | Yes (107). | Able to tolerate vaccine (107). | NA | NA | NA |
| HSC-transfer mice | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Ferret | Yes (131). | Yes (131). | ND | ND | ND |
| Guinea pig (guinea-pig adapted model) | Yes (112). | Yes. Strong correlation observed between GP-specific IgG and survival (112). | ND | ND | ND |
| Hamster | Yes (24). | Yes (24). | ND | ND | ND |
Protection and adaptive immune responses observed in humans and animal models. NA, Not applicable; ND, Not determined.