TABLE 1.

Means and SD of measured items.

	All PISA participants (N = 418458)		Singapore (n = 5748)		Hong Kong (n = 5011)		Canada (n = 17220)		Finland (n = 5060)
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
1. Intrinsic motivation	2.73	0.78	3.01	0.68	2.80	0.75	2.85	0.80	2.57	0.73
2. Instrumental motivation	2.90	0.79	3.08	0.65	2.85	0.77	3.04	0.78	2.79	0.75
3. Epistemic beliefs	3.02	0.58	3.15	0.50	3.06	0.54	3.18	0.59	2.99	0.56
Skewness	−0.90	−0.25	−0.94	−0.51	−0.79	−0.28	−1.02	−0.26	−0.84	−0.03
Kurtosis	−0.19	1.04	0.10	2.08	−0.47	2.25	−0.70	1.65	−0.55	1.91