Table 1.

Trust in computer-mediated communication.

Study	Title	Study design	Study participants	Task	Methodology	Outcome
Bickmore et al [39] (2005)	Establishing the computer–client working alliance in automated health behavior change interventions	3 treatment groups: Control Nonrelational Relational	Healthy participants interested in increasing their physical activity	Interaction with a software	Mixed methods	Trust is reachable even with a software
Bos et al [48]	Effects of four computer-mediated communications channels on trust development	66 groups (3 persons per group) interacting face-to-face and through video, audio, and text chat	People related to the university (mostly students)	Interacting during a social dilemma game: Daytrader	Quantitative	Trust emerges with delay and is fragile
Nguyen and Canny [51]	Multiview: spatially faithful group video conferencing	3 experiments (7 groups of 3 individuals and 1 group of 2 individuals): Partial and full spatial awareness with respect to gaze Same as A with higher attention to gesture Mutual spatial awareness with respect to gaze	Sample from the University of California, Berkeley (undergraduate and graduate students)	The sample was asked to judge the pupils’ direction	Qualitative	Presentation of the multiview design
Nguyen and Canny [49]	Multiview: improving trust in group video conferencing through spatial faithfulness	29 groups of 2 individuals and 37 groups of 3 divided in the following groups: face-to-face groups Directional VCa Nondirectional VC	169 participants (from the Social Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkley)	Modified version of the social dilemma game developed by Bos et al [48]	Mixed methods	Spatial distortion in group meeting by video negatively impacts the development of trust, while trust is established when a spatially faithful VC system is provided
Drolet and Morris [42]	Rapport in conflict resolution: Accounting for how face-to-face contact fosters mutual cooperation in mixed-motive conflicts	2 experiments. Solving conflict in side by side or face-to-face–phone or face-to-face	Experiment 1: 134 master’s students from Stanford University (Department of Business Administration) Experiment 2: 42 persons (master’s and bachelor’s students) from Stanford University	People needed to negotiate having access to nonverbal behavior and cultivating relationships that enable reciprocal collaboration	Quantitative	People were more collaborative in face-to-face interactions rather than by phone

^aVC: videoconferencing.