Table II.
Clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 on admission and clinical outcomes
| Clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes | Severe cases |
Reaching to composite endpoint |
Survived |
Died |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No CRD (n = 11,832) | Having CRD (n = 564) | P value | No CRD (n = 5254) | Having CRD (n = 305) | P value | No CRD (n = 36,355) | Having CRD (n = 1012) | P value | No CRD (n = 1942) | Having CRD (n = 111) | P value | |
| Mean age (y) | 60.3 | 70.7 | <.001 | 62.6 | 71.6 | <.001 | 54.6 | 67.6 | <.001 | 70.5 | 75.6 | <.001 |
| Females, n (%) | 5587 (47.2) | 164 (29.1) | <.001 | 2378 (45.3) | 88 (28.9) | <.001 | 18,664 (51.3) | 342 (33.8) | <.001 | 729 (37.5) | 30 (27.0) | .026 |
| Respiratory symptoms, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Fever at any time | 9361 (79.1) | 427 (75.7) | .052 | 4097 (78.0) | 234 (76.7) | .607 | 24,642 (67.8) | 698 (69.0) | .424 | 1520 (78.3) | 89 (80.2) | .634 |
| Nasal congestion | 1265 (10.7) | 68 (12.1) | .306 | 621 (11.8) | 40 (13.1) | .497 | 2782 (7.7) | 86 (8.5) | .319 | 211 (10.9) | 11 (9.9) | .753 |
| Headache | 2403 (20.3) | 99 (17.6) | .111 | 924 (17.6) | 56 (18.4) | .730 | 5639 (15.5) | 158 (15.6) | .930 | 363 (18.7) | 22 (19.8) | .767 |
| Cough | 9896 (83.6) | 481 (85.3) | .301 | 4105 (78.1) | 244 (80.0) | .442 | 27,138 (74.6) | 818 (80.8) | <.001 | 1460 (75.2) | 86 (77.5) | .585 |
| Sore throat | 1223 (10.3) | 61 (10.8) | .715 | 466 (8.9) | 28 (9.2) | .853 | 3685 (10.1) | 95 (9.4) | .436 | 172 (8.9) | 10 (9.0) | .956 |
| Sputum production | 9897 (83.6) | 509 (90.2) | <.001 | 4306 (82.0) | 272 (89.2) | .001 | 25,584 (70.4) | 826 (81.6) | <.001 | 1575 (81.1) | 102 (91.9) | .004 |
| Fatigue | 6752 (57.1) | 326 (57.8) | .730 | 2681 (51.0) | 166 (54.4) | .248 | 17,482 (48.1) | 530 (52.4) | .007 | 973 (50.1) | 65 (58.6) | .083 |
| Shortness of breath | 6248 (52.8) | 384 (68.1) | <.001 | 2856 (54.4) | 205 (67.2) | <.001 | 12,600 (34.7) | 523 (51.7) | <.001 | 1291 (66.5) | 89 (80.2) | .003 |
| Other systemic comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Any | 6048 (51.1) | 409 (72.5) | <.001 | 2971 (56.5) | 238 (78.0) | <.001 | 13,127 (36.1) | 634 (62.6) | <.001 | 1343 (69.2) | 86 (77.5) | .064 |
| Diabetes | 2536 (21.4) | 140 (24.8) | .056 | 1355 (25.8) | 86 (28.2) | .351 | 4768 (13.1) | 193 (19.1) | <.001 | 566 (29.1) | 24 (21.6) | .088 |
| Hypertension | 4278 (36.2) | 278 (49.3) | <.001 | 2186 (41.6) | 169 (55.4) | <.001 | 8913 (24.5) | 419 (41.4) | <.001 | 997 (51.3) | 57 (51.4) | .998 |
| Coronary heart disease | 1159 (9.8) | 126 (22.3) | <.001 | 675 (12.8) | 80 (26.2) | <.001 | 1893 (5.2) | 165 (16.3) | <.001 | 338 (17.4) | 39 (35.1) | <.001 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 874 (7.4) | 95 (16.8) | <.001 | 549 (10.4) | 62 (20.3) | <.001 | 1318 (3.6) | 109 (10.8) | <.001 | 287 (14.8) | 26 (23.4) | .014 |
| Hepatitis B | 515 (4.4) | 19 (3.4) | .261 | 143 (2.7) | 9 (3.0) | .811 | 1407 (3.9) | 46 (4.5) | .273 | 46 (2.4) | 4 (3.6) | .412 |
| Malignancy | 543 (4.6) | 49 (8.7) | <.001 | 275 (5.2) | 25 (8.2) | .026 | 1087 (3.0) | 74 (7.3) | <.001 | 121 (6.2) | 7 (6.3) | .974 |
| Chronic renal diseases | 595 (5.0) | 124 (22.0) | <.001 | 368 (7.0) | 80 (26.2) | <.001 | 975 (2.7) | 175 (17.3) | <.001 | 204 (10.5) | 28 (25.2) | <.001 |
| Immunodeficiency | 203 (1.7) | 13 (2.3) | .296 | 85 (1.6) | 6 (2.0) | .640 | 395 (1.1) | 20 (2.0) | .008 | 45 (2.3) | 5 (4.5) | .146 |
| Complications during hospitalization, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Septic shock | 167 (1.4) | 19 (3.4) | <.001 | 160 (3.0) | 19 (6.2) | .002 | 36 (0.1) | 9 (0.9) | <.001 | 134 (6.9) | 11 (9.9) | .229 |
| Acute kidney injury | 103 (0.9) | 5 (0.9) | .968 | 99 (1.9) | 4 (1.3) | .471 | 18 (0.0) | 3 (0.3) | .001 | 90 (4.6) | 2 (1.8) | .161 |
| Treatments received during hospitalization, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Intravenous antibiotics | 7484 (63.3) | 400 (70.9) | <.001 | 3433 (65.3) | 232 (76.1) | <.001 | 18,700 (51.4) | 592 (58.5) | <.001 | 1317 (67.8) | 81 (73.0) | .257 |
| Antiviral therapy | 7395 (62.5) | 341 (60.5) | .329 | 3187 (60.7) | 183 (60.0) | .819 | 21,819 (60.0) | 555 (54.8) | <.001 | 1121 (57.7) | 63 (56.8) | .841 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 1334 (11.3) | 152 (27.0) | <.001 | 834 (15.9) | 91 (29.8) | <.001 | 2049 (5.6) | 193 (19.1) | <.001 | 249 (12.8) | 19 (17.1) | .191 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 4532 (38.3) | 279 (49.5) | <.001 | 2301 (43.8) | 173 (56.7) | <.001 | 7394 (20.3) | 303 (29.9) | <.001 | 1051 (54.1) | 71 (64.0) | .043 |
| Invasive ventilation | 1400 (11.8) | 113 (20.0) | <.001 | 1400 (26.6) | 113 (37.0) | <.001 | 807 (2.2) | 70 (6.9) | <.001 | 593 (30.5) | 43 (38.7) | .069 |
| Noninvasive ventilation | 1979 (16.7) | 154 (27.3) | <.001 | 1477 (28.1) | 113 (37.0) | <.001 | 1257 (3.5) | 104 (10.3) | <.001 | 873 (45.0) | 54 (48.6) | .447 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 149 (1.3) | 10 (1.8) | .289 | 135 (2.6) | 9 (3.0) | .684 | 116 (0.3) | 7 (0.7) | .041 | 69 (3.6) | 4 (3.6) | .978 |
| Median hospital stay (interquartile range) (d) | 17 (11, 24) | 17 (10, 27) | .004 | 14 (8, 23) | 16 (8, 28) | <.001 | 15 (10, 22) | 16 (11, 24) | <.001 | 10 (5, 16) | 10 (4, 18) | .978 |
| Intensive care unit admission∗, n (%) | 3332 (28.2) | 187 (33.2) | .010 | 3332 (63.4) | 187 (61.3) | .458 | 2732 (7.5) | 155 (15.3) | <.001 | 600 (30.9) | 32 (28.8) | .646 |
| Clinical outcomes∗, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Discharge from hospital | 10,096 (85.3) | 461 (81.7) | .019 | 3312 (63.0) | 194 (63.6) | .841 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Death | 1736 (14.7) | 103 (18.3) | .019 | 1942 (37.0) | 111 (36.4) | .841 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Bold values are statistical significance.
The denominators being lower than the total patient count suggested missing data.
Antiviral therapy consisted of lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, chloroquine, hydrochloroquine, interferon-beta, arbidol, and favipinavir.
COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; CRD, chronic respiratory disease.
∗
Events that took place within 30 days after hospitalization.