Table E1.
Clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 on admission and clinical outcomes when stratified based on the status of intensive care unit admission
| Clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes | Not admitted to the ICU |
Admitted to the ICU |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No lower airway diseases (n = 34,965) | Having lower airway diseases (n = 936) | P value | No lower airway diseases (n = 3332) | Having lower airway diseases (n = 187) | P value | |
| Age (y) | 55.0 | 68.2 | <.001 | 59.5 | 69.5 | <.001 |
| Females, n (%) | 17,798 (50.9) | 313 (33.4) | <.001 | 1595 (47.9) | 59 (31.6) | <.001 |
| Respiratory symptoms, n (%) | ||||||
| Fever at any time | 23,558 (67.4) | 647 (69.1) | .260 | 2604 (78.2) | 140 (74.9) | .292 |
| Nasal congestion | 2605 (7.5) | 66 (7.1) | .646 | 388 (11.6) | 31 (16.6) | .043 |
| Headache | 5446 (15.6) | 149 (15.9) | .775 | 556 (16.7) | 31 (16.6) | .969 |
| Cough | 25,960 (74.2) | 755 (80.7) | <.001 | 2638 (79.2) | 149 (79.7) | .868 |
| Sore throat | 3608 (10.3) | 89 (9.5) | .421 | 249 (7.5) | 16 (8.6) | .585 |
| Sputum production | 24,383 (69.7) | 763 (81.5) | <.001 | 2776 (83.3) | 165 (88.2) | .077 |
| Fatigue | 16,764 (47.9) | 494 (52.8) | .004 | 1691 (50.8) | 101 (54.0) | .385 |
| Shortness of breath | 12,235 (35.0) | 497 (53.1) | <.001 | 1656 (49.7) | 115 (61.5) | .002 |
| Coexisting disorders, n (%) | ||||||
| Any | 12,718 (36.4) | 574 (61.3) | <.001 | 1752 (52.6) | 146 (78.1) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 4500 (12.9) | 158 (16.9) | <.001 | 834 (25.0) | 59 (31.6) | .046 |
| Hypertension | 8609 (24.6) | 371 (39.6) | <.001 | 1301 (39.0) | 105 (56.1) | <.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 1874 (5.4) | 159 (17.0) | <.001 | 357 (10.7) | 45 (24.1) | <.001 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 1316 (3.8) | 93 (9.9) | <.001 | 289 (8.7) | 42 (22.5) | <.001 |
| Hepatitis B | 1365 (3.9) | 43 (4.6) | .283 | 88 (2.6) | 7 (3.7) | .365 |
| Malignancy | 1076 (3.1) | 63 (6.7) | <.001 | 132 (4.0) | 18 (9.6) | <.001 |
| Chronic renal diseases | 979 (2.8) | 153 (16.3) | <.001 | 200 (6.0) | 50 (26.7) | <.001 |
| Immunodeficiency | 398 (1.1) | 25 (2.7) | <.001 | 42 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | .122 |
| Complications during hospitalization, n (%) | ||||||
| Septic shock | 80 (0.2) | 7 (0.7) | .001 | 90 (2.7) | 13 (7.0) | <.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 52 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | .613 | 56 (1.7) | 3 (1.6) | .937 |
| Treatments received during hospitalization, n (%) | ||||||
| Intravenous antibiotics | 17,843 (51.0) | 529 (56.5) | <.001 | 2174 (65.2) | 144 (77.0) | <.001 |
| Antiviral therapy | 20,888 (59.7) | 497 (53.1) | <.001 | 2052 (61.6) | 121 (64.7) | .393 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 1608 (4.6) | 142 (15.2) | <.001 | 690 (20.7) | 70 (37.4) | <.001 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 7098 (20.3) | 277 (29.6) | <.001 | 1347 (40.4) | 97 (51.9) | .002 |
| Invasive ventilation | 839 (2.4) | 62 (6.6) | <.001 | 561 (16.8) | 51 (27.3) | <.001 |
| Noninvasive ventilation | 1366 (3.9) | 95 (10.1) | <.001 | 764 (22.9) | 63 (33.7) | <.001 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 105 (0.3) | 7 (0.7) | .015 | 80 (2.4) | 4 (2.1) | .819 |
| Median hospital stay (interquartile range) (d) | 15 (10, 21) | 15 (9, 22) | .000 | 16 (9, 25) | 19 (11, 32) | <.001 |
| Clinical outcomes∗, n (%) | ||||||
| Discharge from hospital | 33,623 (96.2) | 857 (91.6) | <.001 | 2732 (82.0) | 155 (82.9) | .756 |
| Death | 1342 (3.8) | 79 (8.4) | <.001 | 600 (18.0) | 32 (17.1) | .756 |
COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; ICU, intensive care unit.
∗
Outcomes that took place within 30 days after hospitalization.