Table E2.
Clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 on admission and clinical outcomes when stratified based on the need to receive invasive mechanical ventilation during hospitalization
| Clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes | Nonventilated cases |
Ventilated cases |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No lower airway diseases (n = 36,897) | Having lower airway diseases (n = 1010) | P value | No lower airway diseases (n = 1400) | Having lower airway diseases (n = 113) | P value | |
| Age (y) | 55.0 | 68.0 | <.001 | 64.9 | 72.4 | <.001 |
| Females, n (%) | 18,818 (51.0) | 350 (34.7) | <.001 | 575 (41.1) | 22 (19.5) | <.001 |
| Respiratory symptoms, n (%) | ||||||
| Fever at any time | 25,003 (67.8) | 696 (68.9) | .442 | 1159 (82.8) | 91 (80.5) | .543 |
| Nasal congestion | 2840 (7.7) | 79 (7.8) | .883 | 153 (10.9) | 18 (15.9) | .106 |
| Headache | 5701 (15.5) | 154 (15.2) | .860 | 301 (21.5) | 26 (23.0) | .708 |
| Cough | 27,414 (74.3) | 805 (79.7) | <.001 | 1184 (84.6) | 99 (87.6) | .387 |
| Sore throat | 3720 (10.1) | 96 (9.5) | .548 | 137 (9.8) | 9 (8.0) | .528 |
| Sputum production | 25,854 (70.1) | 818 (81.0) | <.001 | 1305 (93.2) | 110 (97.3) | .086 |
| Fatigue | 17,646 (47.8) | 530 (52.5) | .004 | 809 (57.8) | 65 (57.5) | .956 |
| Shortness of breath | 12,914 (35.0) | 522 (51.7) | <.001 | 977 (69.8) | 90 (79.6) | .027 |
| Coexisting disorders, n (%) | ||||||
| Any | 13,579 (36.8) | 635 (62.9) | <.001 | 891 (63.6) | 85 (75.2) | .013 |
| Diabetes | 4922 (13.3) | 189 (18.7) | <.001 | 412 (29.4) | 28 (24.8) | .295 |
| Hypertension | 9250 (25.1) | 416 (41.2) | <.001 | 660 (47.1) | 60 (53.1) | .223 |
| Coronary heart disease | 2012 (5.5) | 176 (17.4) | <.001 | 219 (15.6) | 28 (24.8) | .011 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 1418 (3.8) | 119 (11.8) | <.001 | 187 (13.4) | 16 (14.2) | .810 |
| Hepatitis B | 1412 (3.8) | 47 (4.7) | .178 | 41 (2.9) | 3 (2.7) | .868 |
| Malignancy | 1125 (3.0) | 72 (7.1) | <.001 | 83 (5.9) | 9 (8.0) | .384 |
| Chronic renal diseases | 1105 (3.0) | 174 (17.2) | <.001 | 74 (5.3) | 29 (25.7) | <.001 |
| Immunodeficiency | 415 (1.1) | 23 (2.3) | <.001 | 25 (1.8) | 2 (1.8) | .990 |
| Complications during hospitalization, n (%) | ||||||
| Septic shock | 71 (0.2) | 3 (0.3) | .457 | 99 (7.1) | 17 (15.0) | .002 |
| Acute kidney injury | 50 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | .596 | 58 (4.1) | 3 (2.7) | .439 |
| Treatments received during hospitalization, n (%) | ||||||
| Intravenous antibiotics | 18,861 (51.1) | 566 (56.0) | .002 | 1156 (82.6) | 107 (94.7) | <.001 |
| Antiviral therapy | 21,839 (59.2) | 528 (52.3) | <.001 | 1101 (78.6) | 90 (79.6) | .802 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 1942 (5.3) | 167 (16.5) | <.001 | 356 (25.4) | 45 (39.8) | <.001 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 7495 (20.3) | 284 (28.1) | <.001 | 950 (67.9) | 90 (79.6) | .009 |
| Noninvasive ventilation | 1441 (3.9) | 85 (8.4) | <.001 | 689 (49.2) | 73 (64.6) | .002 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 73 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | .999 | 112 (8.0) | 9 (8.0) | .989 |
| Median hospital stay (interquartile range) (d) | 15 (10, 21) | 16 (10, 23) | <.001 | 17 (10, 25) | 16 (9, 31) | .989 |
| Intensive care unit admission, n (%) | 2771 (7.5) | 136 (13.5) | <.001 | 561 (40.1) | 51 (45.1) | .292 |
| Clinical outcomes∗, n (%) | ||||||
| Discharge from hospital | 35,548 (96.3) | 942 (93.3) | .000 | 807 (57.6) | 70 (61.9) | .373 |
| Death | 1349 (3.7) | 68 (6.7) | <.001 | 593 (42.4) | 43 (38.1) | .373 |
COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019.
∗
Outcomes that took place within 30 days after hospitalization.