Figure 1.

Enrichments within pens. Enrichments provided included a ramp with 25° incline to a platform 30 cm above the floor, a hanging scale, PECKStone mineral block (cut into ¼ of its original size), and hanging (blue) polyester cloth along one wall. Water lines (not shown; they were lowered prior to bird placement) were equipped with 5 nipple drinkers. Round pan feeders were provided with all vegetarian, antibiotic-free feed. Wood shavings were used as litter substrate. Brown paper with scattered feed was provided for the first week of life to aid chicks in finding feed and water. Above the pen walls, netting was affixed to a wooden frame to prevent birds from jumping out of their pens.