. 2020 Dec 9;100(3):100909. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.075

Table 5.

Intestine morphology of broilers fed diets supplementation with xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS),⁶⁰Co γ-ray–irradiated Astragalus polysaccharides (IAPS), and their combination on day 21.

Treatments ¹	Duodenum			Jejunum			Ileum
Treatments ¹	VH (μm)	CD (μm)	VH/CD	VH (μm)	CD (μm)	VH/CD	VH (μm)	CD (μm)	VH/CD
Control	1,210.26^b	109.95	11.34^c	665.68^c	97.51	6.96^c	479.38^b	77.67	6.18^b
AGP	1,458.15^a	84.34	17.51^a	996.87^a	93.62	10.67^a	735.78^a	84.01	8.84^a
XOS	1,453.55^a	110.84	13.46^c	793.26^b	87.14	9.16^b	685.90^a	83.92	8.19^a
IAPS	1,534.30^a	109.07	14.11^b,c	918.69^a	101.20	9.20^b	761.39^a	84.95	8.98^a
XOS + IAPS	1,443.61^a	90.85	16.58^a,b	944.72^a	87.40	10.91^a	746.80^a	83.50	8.96^a
SEM	25.47	3.26	0.53	27.08	2.27	0.31	21.99	1.18	0.24
P value	<0.01	0.11	<0.01	<0.01	0.21	<0.01	<0.01	0.28	<0.01
Main effects
XOS
-	1,350.24^y	107.85	12.66^y	798.20^y	98.98^x	8.10^y	620.38^y	81.51	7.58^y
+	1,454.18^x	100.20	14.55^x	869.59^x	86.02^y	10.18^x	716.35^x	83.71	8.58^x
IAPS
-	1,309.86^y	108.74	12.10^y	729.47^y	92.32	7.89^y	582.64^y	81.39	7.18^y
+	1,494.56^x	99.31	15.18^x	938.32^x	92.68	10.29^x	754.09^x	83.83	8.97^x
P values
XOS	0.05	0.32	0.01	0.08	0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.23	0.01
IAPS	<0.01	0.22	<0.01	<0.01	0.94	<0.01	<0.01	0.18	<0.01
XOS × IAPS	<0.01	0.13	0.70	0.16	0.59	0.69	<0.01	0.12	0.01

^a-cSuperscripts for means belong to 1-way ANOVA among 5 treatment groups.

^x,ySuperscripts for means belong to 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (XOS and IAPS), excluding the AGP group.

Means with no common superscripts within the column of each classification are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05).

Abbreviations: CD, crypt depth; VH, villus height; VH/CD, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth.

Control, basal diet; AGP, basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg chlortetracycline; XOS, basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg XOS; IAPS, basal diet supplemented with 600 mg/kg IAPS; XOS + IAPS, basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg XOS and 600 mg/kg IAPS.