Table 8.

Comparison of Factor Structures from Prior Scales

VHAS Items	NVVRS	CES	DDRI	MHAT-CES
Wounded in warzone			Combat Exper.	Direct Engagement
Know people who were injured	X
Saw dead Vietnamese soldiers			Postbattle Exper.
Saw dead foreign soldiers			Postbattle Exper.	Near Injury/Death
Saw dead civilians			Postbattle Exper.
Went on combat patrols		X	Combat Exper.
Was attacked/ambushed			Combat Exper.	Combat Envir.
Came under artillery fire		X	Combat Exper.	Combat Envir.
Shot at the enemy		X	Combat Exper.	Combat Envir.
Caused death of an enemy			Combat Exper.	Combat Envir.
Was nearly shot		X		Direct Engagement
Friend was shot near R		X	Combat Exper.	Direct Engagement
Exposed to toxic chemicals			Chemical Exposure
Moved due to bombings
Moved due to evacuation
Shortage of clean water	X
Food shortage			Deployment Env.
Inability to sleep			Deployment Env.
Fear of death/severe injury			Deploy. Concerns

^a Items from the NVVRS were used in research, but the psychometric properties of the NVVRS (and its subsections) have never been tested, and its items have not been used in scale form

^b CES items are administered as a single, unidimensional scale. It has been shown to have good predictive ability, but the other psychometric properties have not been tested