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. 2021 Mar 6;778:146252. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146252

Table 2.

Detection and concentration range of chemical markers and organic tracers in wastewater samples from STP, SPS and hospital (ND: not detected).

Chemical markers Detection frequency
Concentration in ng/L
Inlet
Sludge
Outlet
SPSs
STP-Inlet STP-Sludge STP-Outlet SPS Range (Avg ± STDEV)
Caffeine (CAF) 100% 100% 100% 100% 14,376–20,280 (17,272 ± 2459) 40–10,366 (3114 ± 4881) 94–2700 (966 ± 1180) 12,096–32,794 (17,710 ± 8657)
Carbamazepine (CBZ) 100% 100% 100% 80% 92–152 (124 ± 30) 46–106 (77 ± 25) 74–184 (142 ± 49) ND-128 (76 ± 51)
Ciprofloxacin (CIP) 100% 100% 100% 100% 148–440 (272 ± 122) 80–176 (132 ± 40) 96–348 (165 ± 123) 122–656 (282 ± 218)
Norfloxacin (NOR) 100% 80% 80% 100% 70–138 (110 ± 29) ND-78 (50 ± 35) ND-118 (54 ± 49) 46–190 (88 ± 61)
Ofloxacin (OFL) 100% 100% 100% 100% 112–302 (236 ± 85) 48–124 (87 ± 34) 88–402 (209 ± 143) 132–1156 (365 ± 443)
Azithromycin (AZT) 100% 100% 20% 100% 54–360 (190 ± 156) 56–206 (113 ± 71) ND-42 (11 ± 21) 46–250 (125 ± 94)
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) 100% 25% 50% 50% 48–240 (118 ± 84) ND-80 (20 ± 40) ND-90 (43 ± 49) ND-144 (56 ± 61)
Methyl Paraben (MP) 100% 100% 64–188 (129 ± 55) ND ND 40–192 (105 ± 56)