Table 2.
Detection and concentration range of chemical markers and organic tracers in wastewater samples from STP, SPS and hospital (ND: not detected).
| Chemical markers | Detection frequency |
Concentration in ng/L |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inlet |
Sludge |
Outlet |
SPSs |
|||||
| STP-Inlet | STP-Sludge | STP-Outlet | SPS | Range (Avg ± STDEV) | ||||
| Caffeine (CAF) | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 14,376–20,280 (17,272 ± 2459) | 40–10,366 (3114 ± 4881) | 94–2700 (966 ± 1180) | 12,096–32,794 (17,710 ± 8657) |
| Carbamazepine (CBZ) | 100% | 100% | 100% | 80% | 92–152 (124 ± 30) | 46–106 (77 ± 25) | 74–184 (142 ± 49) | ND-128 (76 ± 51) |
| Ciprofloxacin (CIP) | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 148–440 (272 ± 122) | 80–176 (132 ± 40) | 96–348 (165 ± 123) | 122–656 (282 ± 218) |
| Norfloxacin (NOR) | 100% | 80% | 80% | 100% | 70–138 (110 ± 29) | ND-78 (50 ± 35) | ND-118 (54 ± 49) | 46–190 (88 ± 61) |
| Ofloxacin (OFL) | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 112–302 (236 ± 85) | 48–124 (87 ± 34) | 88–402 (209 ± 143) | 132–1156 (365 ± 443) |
| Azithromycin (AZT) | 100% | 100% | 20% | 100% | 54–360 (190 ± 156) | 56–206 (113 ± 71) | ND-42 (11 ± 21) | 46–250 (125 ± 94) |
| Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) | 100% | 25% | 50% | 50% | 48–240 (118 ± 84) | ND-80 (20 ± 40) | ND-90 (43 ± 49) | ND-144 (56 ± 61) |
| Methyl Paraben (MP) | 100% | – | – | 100% | 64–188 (129 ± 55) | ND | ND | 40–192 (105 ± 56) |