Figure 3.

Dysbiosis, leaky gut, inflammatory cytokines, and insulin resistance. A simple illustration showing the release of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and disruption of tight junctions in the intestinal wall resulting in the release of inflammatory cytokines, which enter the blood and pancreatic beta-cells. In addition, the TLR4 receptors in LPS play a role in the release of microglial cells. The reactive microglial cells secrete inflammatory cytokines and cause insulin resistance. NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; TNF-α: tissue necrosis factor-alpha; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4.