Table 1. The molecular biology of the thalidomide molecule and its subsequent pathology.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), interleukin (IL), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy and skin changes (POEMS), thymic helper cells (Th), insulin growth factor (IGF), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), nuclear factor (NF)

Study	Molecular biology	Effects
Amato RJ, et al.  [7]	reduces TNF-alpha by accelerated degeneration of mRNA	reduces inflammation in TNF-alpha immune mediated diseases
George A, et al. [8]	recruits epineural IL-10 macrophages and increases dorsal horn met-enkephalins	may reduce neuropathic pain
Kuwabara S, et al. [9]	reduces serum VEGF and inhibits angiogenesis	clinical and electrophysiological improvement in POEMS
Park SJ, et al. [10]	inhibits neointimal hyperplasia	reduced FGF and TNF-alfa
McHugh SM, et al. [11]	shift from pro-inflammatory Th1 to anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokines	broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory action
Mori T, et al. [12]	inhibits cereblon - E3 ubiquitine ligase	embryopathy
Stephens TD, et al. [13]	inhibit binding of IGF-1 and IGF-2 to alpha and beta integrins	reduce angiogenesis and bud outgrowth.
Parman T, et al. [14]	oxidizes DNA	thalidomide molecule similar to guanine nucleotide
Yasui K, et al. [15]	inhibits NF-kappa	inhibit granulocyte- mediated tissue injury