Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients

Characteristics	Normal weight (N = 874)	Underweight (N = 80)		Overweight (N = 434)		Obese (N = 293)
			P-value		P-value		P-value
Demographics
Age, years, mean (s.d.)	35.4 (10.9)	30.0 (9.3)	<0.001	40.2 (11.5)	<0.001	43.4 (10.7)	<0.001
Sex (female), n (%)	831 (95.1)	78 (97.5)	0.328	397 (91.5)	0.010	276 (94.2)	0.554
Ethnic origin, n (%)
Asian	240 (27.5)	35 (43.8)	0.002	64 (14.7)	<0.001	14 (4.8)	<0.001
Black/African American	47 (5.4)	6 (7.5)	0.428	49 (11.3)	<0.001	44 (15.0)	<0.001
Indigenous Americana	206 (23.6)	11 (13.8)	0.045	107 (24.7)	0.665	50 (17.1)	0.020
White/Caucasian	378 (43.2)	28 (35.0)	0.153	210 (48.4)	0.079	179 (61.1)	<0.001
Clinical characteristics and concomitant treatments
SELENA-SLEDAI score, mean (s.d.)	9.6 (3.6)	10.4 (4.3)	0.174	9.8 (3.8)	0.529	9.7 (3.4)	0.972
SLE duration, years, mean (s.d.)	6.3 (6.3)	4.9 (5.5)	0.056	6.4 (6.5)	0.957	7.1 (6.6)	0.055
SDI score, mean (s.d.)	0.63 (1.07)	0.61 (1.0)	0.880	0.82 (1.30)	0.006	1.19 (1.54)	<0.001
Glucocorticoid use, n (%)	784 (89.7)	74 (92.5)	0.426	368 (84.8)	0.002	229 (77)	<0.001
Prednisone dose, mg/day, mean (s.d.)	11.3 (8.5)	11.2 (8.4)	0.785	10.8 (9.3)	0.101	9.2 (8.0)	<0.001
IS useb, n (%)	405 (46.3)	33 (41.3)	0.382	215 (49.5)	0.275	161 (54.9)	0.011
Azathioprine	204 (23.3)	13 (16.3)	0.148	100 (23.0)	0.904	72 (24.6)	0.667
Methotrexate	113 (12.9)	9 (11.3)	0.667	53 (12.2)	0.714	56 (19.1)	0.009
Mycophenolic acid	87 (10.0)	10 (12.5)	0.471	58 (13.4)	0.064	32 (10.9)	0.636
AMA use, n (%)	593 (67.8)	57 (71.3)	0.532	265 (61.1)	0.015	181 (61.8)	0.057

P-values are derived from Pearson’s χ² or Mann–Whitney U tests; the normal weight group was the reference comparator.

^aAlaska Native or American Indian from North, South or Central America.

^bExcluding antimalarial agents.

AMA: antimalarial agents; IS: immunosuppressants.