Output enhancement strategies for TENGs. (a) The air breakdown model of a charge excitation TENG to enhance charge density. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [78], copyright 2020 Springer Nature. (b) A high-performance TENG based on charge shuttling. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [79], copyright 2020 Springer Nature. (c) Boosting the output performance of a sliding mode TENG by charge space accumulation effect. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [82], copyright 2020 Springer Nature. (d) The out-of-plane design of a Bennet doubler-based TENG. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [83], copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V. (e) A high-output charge excitation TENG based on the voltage-multiplying circuit. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [86], copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH. (f) The switched capacitor convertors based on the fractal design for TENG output enhancement. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [87], copyright 2020 Springer Nature.