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. 2021 Mar 6;21:237. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-07967-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — EerI synergizes with FTS to kill PDAC cells through apoptosis induction. a, c, e Bright field images (200X) of 4292, PANC-1, and MIA PaCa-2 cells treated with 100 μM FTS, EerI, or both for five days. EerI (μM) concentrations were indicated above each figure. Scale bar, 25 μm. b, d, f Relative cell viability following five days of treatment with FTS, EerI, or both. ANOVA with Tukey’s test compares the viability difference between combination and single treatments or controls. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 3). g Representative flow cytometric analysis of PDAC cell apoptosis following treatments with 100 μM FTS, EerI (3 μM for 4292, 2.5 μM for PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2), or both for five days. Cells were stained with annexin-V and 7-AAD. Percentages of apoptotic cells were indicated in the quadrants. h PDAC cell death analysis following different treatments with Annexin V/7-AAD apoptosis assay. ANOVA with Tukey’s test compares difference treatment groups. ***P < 0.001; data presented as mean ± SD; n = 3.