Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the participants
| Variable | N (%) N = 105 |
|---|---|
| Categorical variables | |
| Gender | |
| Female | 54 (51.4) |
| Male | 51 (48.6) |
| Education | |
| < 9 y | 67 (63.8) |
| ≥ 9 y | 38 (36.2) |
| Marital status | |
| Married | 97 (92.4) |
| Others | 8 (7.6) |
| Residence | |
| Urban | 50 (47.6) |
| Rural | 55 (52.4) |
| History of smoking | |
| Y | 40 (38.1) |
| N | 65 (61.9) |
| History of hypertension | |
| Y | 71 (67.6) |
| N | 34 (32.4) |
| Family history of DM | |
| Y | 47 (44.8) |
| N | 58 (55.2) |
| Level of VI* | |
| Blindness | 25 (23.8) |
| Severe VI | 8 (7.6) |
| Moderate VI | 27 (25.7) |
| Mild VI | 10 (9.5) |
| No VI | 35 (33.3) |
| Continuous variables | |
| Age, m (sd), y | 56.7 (11.6) |
| HbA1c, m (IQR), % | 7.4 (6.5–8.6) |
| BP, m (sd), mmHg | |
| Systolic | 142.0 (17.3) |
| Diastolic | 82.8 (9.8) |
| Duration of DM, m (IQR), y | 10.0 (5.0–15.0) |
| Duration of VI, m (IQR), m | 7.0 (2.0–15.0) |
| HADS, m (sd) | 14.9 (6.9) |
| HADS-A, m (sd) | 7.74 (3.82) |
| HADS-D, m (sd) | 7.14 (3.84) |
| ESCA, m (sd) | 103.1 (13.7) |
| Self-concept, m (IQR) | 19.0 (17.0–21.5) |
| Self-nursing responsibility, m (IQR) | 14.0 (12.0–16.0) |
| Self-care skills, m (IQR) | 29.0 (26.0–31.0) |
| Health knowledge level, m (sd) | 40.8 (6.8) |
DM: diabetes mellitus; y: years; m (sd): mean (standardized deviation); m (IQR): median (interquartile range); HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; BP: blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HADS-D: hospital anxiety and depression scale - depression; HADS-A: hospital anxiety and depression scale – anxiety; ESCA: the exercise of self-care agency scale. * classification of VI is based on the International Classification of Diseases 11 classification system