Table 2.
Association between the sociodemographic and clinical variables and depression and anxiety
| Variable | Depression | Anxiety | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | P | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 7.2 (4.0) | 0.95 | 8.4 (3.9) | 0.08 |
| Male | 7.1 (3.7) | 7.1 (3.6) | ||
| Education | ||||
| < 9 y | 7.5 (3.8) | 0.24 | 8.1 (4.2) | 0.16 |
| ≥ 9 y | 6.6 (3.8) | 7.1 (3.0) | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 7.1 (3.9) | 0.79 | 7.9 (3.9) | 0.25 |
| Others | 7.5 (2.8) | 6.3 (3.0) | ||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 5.7 (3.3) | 0.00* | 6.9 (2.9) | 0.02* |
| Rural | 8.4 (3.9) | 8.5 (4.4) | ||
| History of smoking | ||||
| Y | 7.3 (4.1) | 0.74 | 7.2 (3.7) | 0.28 |
| N | 7.1 (3.7) | 8.1 (3.9) | ||
| History of hypertension | ||||
| Y | 7.9 (3.7) | 0.00* | 8.1 (3.5) | 0.17 |
| N | 5.6 (3.7) | 7.0 (4.3) | ||
| Family history of DM | ||||
| Y | 7.5 (3.7) | 0.38 | 7.5 (3.7) | 0.51 |
| N | 6.8 (3.9) | 8.0 (3.9) | ||
| VI | ||||
| Mild or no VI | 5.2 (2.4) | 0.04* | 6.3 (2.2) | 0.29 |
| Moderate or severer VI | 7.5 (3.6) | 7.8 (3.9) | ||
| Continuous variables | ||||
| Age | -0.14a | 0.16 | -0.01a | 0.95 |
| HbA1c | -0.02b | 0.84 | −0.07 b | 0.49 |
| BP | ||||
| Systolic | 0.00 a | 0.99 | −0.18 a | 0.07 |
| Diastolic | 0.02 a | 0.87 | 0.24 a | 0.01* |
| Duration of DM | −0.05 b | 0.60 | 0.03 b | 0.75 |
| Duration of VI | 0.06 b | 0.56 | −0.05 b | 0.59 |
| ESCA total score | −0.31 a | 0.00* | −0.16 a | 0.11 |
| Self-concept | −0.23 b | 0.02* | −0.11 b | 0.26 |
| Self-nursing responsibility | −0.17 b | 0.09 | −0.08 b | 0.42 |
| Self-care skills | −0.40 b | 0.00* | −0.29 b | 0.00* |
| Health knowledge level | −0.28 a | 0.00* | −0.11 a | 0.27 |
a Pearson correlation; b Spearman correlation; * P < 0.05; y: year; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; BP: blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HADS-D: hospital anxiety and depression scale - depression; HADS-A: hospital anxiety and depression scale – anxiety; ESCA: the exercise of self-care agency scale