Table 2.

Differences in echocardiographic and mechano-energetic efficiency parameters in men and women with NGT, prediabetes and newly diagnosed T2DM

Echocardiographic variables	Women			Prediabetes vs. NGT	T2DM vs. NGT	Men			Prediabetes vs. NGT	T2DM vs. NGT	Women vs. men (NGT)	Women vs. men (prediabetes)	Women vs. men (T2DM)
	NGT(n = 456)	Prediabetes (n = 274)	T2DM (n = 74)	P value§	P value§	NGT (n = 314)	Prediabetes (n = 321)	T2DM (n = 123)	P value§	P value§	P values	P value	P value
LV end-systolic volume (LVESV) (ml)	29.1 ± 11	31 ± 17	31.3 ± 13	0.1	0.32	38.9 ± 19	41.7 ± 23	42.3 ± 24	0.24	0.21	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) (ml)	107.5 ± 28	108 ± 33	111 ± 32	0.77	0.38	135.4 ± 40	137.5 ± 47	134.8 ± 41	0.65	0.72	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.02
Interventricular septal thickness (IVS) (cm)	1.00 ± 0.2	1.05 ± 0.16	1.12 ± 0.16	0.07	0.003	1.13 ± 0.2	1.17 ± 0.15	1.17 ± 0.17	0.13	0.47	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.001
Posterior wall thickness (PWT) (cm)	0.85 ± 0.14	0.89 ± 0.16	0.91 ± 0.15	0.02	0.04	0.93 ± 0.14	0.96 ± 0.14	0.98 ± 0.15	0.04	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.001
LV mass index (LVMI) (g/m2)	95.8 ± 24	101.7 ± 26	114 ± 34	0.12	0.001	113.1 ± 27	120.7 ± 31	123.2 ± 33	0.08	0.01	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.06
Myocardial MEEi (ml/s g−1)	0.41 ± 0.12	0.36 ± 0.10	0.34 ± 0.08	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.38 ± 0.11	0.35 ± 0.09	0.33 ± 0.1	0.005	< 0.0001	0.001	0.08	0.39

Data are means ± SD, unless otherwise indicated. Comparisons between women and men were performed using unpaired Student’s t test. Comparisons between the three groups of glucose tolerance were performed using a general linear model with post hoc Fisher's least significant difference correction for pairwise comparisons. ^§P values refer to results after analyses with adjustment for age, smoking status, and antihypertensive therapy