Table 5.
Generalized estimating equations examining physical activity and stationary behavior prior to EMA recordings as predictors of affect, eating behaviors, and hunger (N=17)
| 30 minutes before EMA | 60 minutes before EMA | 120 minutes before EMA | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DV: Loss of control eating | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p |
| Intercept | 1.04 | 0.33 | 0.002 | 1.93 | 0.42 | 0.000 | 1.60 | 0.07 | 0.000 |
| Wear time | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.166 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.320 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.342 |
| zBMI | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.962 | −0.04 | 0.12 | 0.750 | −0.05 | 0.12 | 0.682 |
| Age | −0.10 | 0.03 | 0.002 | −0.10 | 0.03 | 0.004 | −0.10 | 0.03 | 0.001 |
| Stationary (between) | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.026 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.054 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.016 |
| Stationary (within) 1 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.011 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.071 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.067 |
| Intercept | 1.16 | 0.31 | 0.000 | 1.97 | 0.43 | 0.000 | 1.63 | 0.08 | 0.000 |
| Wear time | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.248 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.305 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.268 |
| zBMI | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.640 | −0.01 | 0.10 | 0.910 | −0.03 | 0.10 | 0.804 |
| Age | −0.10 | 0.03 | 0.000 | −0.10 | 0.03 | 0.002 | −0.11 | 0.03 | 0.000 |
| Activity (between) | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.027 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.026 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.005 |
| Activity (within) 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.025 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.071 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.185 |
| DV: Overeating | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p |
| Intercept | −0.60 | 0.52 | 0.254 | 0.86 | 0.56 | 0.121 | 0.35 | 0.07 | 0.000 |
| Wear time | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.104 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.289 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.438 |
| zBMI | −0.09 | 0.11 | 0.401 | −0.14 | 0.20 | 0.475 | −0.12 | 0.19 | 0.546 |
| Age | −0.15 | 0.02 | 0.000 | −0.15 | 0.03 | 0.000 | −0.16 | 0.03 | 0.000 |
| Stationary (between) | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.000 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.022 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.025 |
| Stationary (within) 1 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.021 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.065 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.139 |
| Intercept | −0.46 | 0.54 | 0.398 | 0.88 | 0.57 | 0.122 | 0.37 | 0.06 | 0.000 |
| Wear time | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.184 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.290 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.188 |
| zBMI | −0.03 | 0.09 | 0.783 | −0.07 | 0.17 | 0.668 | −0.07 | 0.16 | 0.652 |
| Age | −0.15 | 0.02 | 0.000 | −0.15 | 0.03 | 0.000 | −0.16 | 0.03 | 0.000 |
| Activity (between) | −0.06 | 0.02 | 0.001 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.029 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.017 |
| Activity (within)1 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.022 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.086 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.301 |
| DV: Hunger | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p |
| Intercept | −1.39 | 0.64 | 0.030 | −3.14 | 0.65 | 0.000 | 1.02 | 0.86 | 0.232 |
| Wear time | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.616 |
| zBMI | −0.14 | 0.20 | 0.495 | −0.37 | 0.17 | 0.034 | −0.38 | 0.15 | 0.009 |
| Age | −0.09 | 0.05 | 0.084 | −0.09 | 0.05 | 0.055 | −0.09 | 0.04 | 0.023 |
| Stationary (between) | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.010 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.000 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.000 |
| Stationary (within) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.408 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.214 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.168 |
| Intercept | −1.31 | 0.68 | 0.055 | −3.15 | 0.67 | 0.000 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 0.372 |
| Wear time | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.003 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.834 |
| zBMI | −0.07 | 0.19 | 0.718 | −0.22 | 0.16 | 0.157 | −0.26 | 0.14 | 0.056 |
| Age | −0.08 | 0.05 | 0.094 | −0.09 | 0.04 | 0.040 | −0.10 | 0.04 | 0.011 |
| Activity (between) | −0.07 | 0.03 | 0.016 | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.000 | −0.03 | 0.00 | 0.000 |
| Activity (within) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.520 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.233 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.130 |
| DV: Negative affect | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p |
| Intercept | 2.39 | 0.18 | 0.000 | 2.66 | 0.15 | 0.000 | 2.35 | 0.15 | 0.000 |
| Wear time | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.571 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.300 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.334 |
| zBMI | −0.06 | 0.07 | 0.395 | −0.07 | 0.08 | 0.357 | −0.08 | 0.08 | 0.305 |
| Age | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.478 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.496 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.425 |
| Stationary (between) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.402 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.485 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.383 |
| Stationary (within) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.139 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.389 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.853 |
| Intercept | 2.34 | 0.19 | 0.000 | 2.60 | 0.16 | 0.000 | 2.28 | 0.16 | 0.000 |
| Wear time | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.412 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.512 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.193 |
| zBMI | −0.07 | 0.07 | 0.315 | −0.08 | 0.07 | 0.246 | −0.09 | 0.07 | 0.219 |
| Age | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.412 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.413 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.334 |
| Activity (between) | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.238 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.253 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.191 |
| Activity (within) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.097 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.221 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.458 |
| DV: Positive affect | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p |
| Intercept | 3.21 | 0.43 | 0.000 | 3.00 | 0.57 | 0.000 | 3.59 | 0.33 | 0.000 |
| Wear time | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.799 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.558 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.334 |
| zBMI | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.521 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.397 | 0.40 | 0.28 | 0.159 |
| Age | −0.19 | 0.06 | 0.001 | −0.19 | 0.06 | 0.001 | −0.18 | 0.06 | 0.001 |
| Stationary (between) | −0.08 | 0.05 | 0.080 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.150 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.013 |
| Stationary (within) | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.010 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.016 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.021 |
| Intercept | 3.25 | 0.40 | 0.000 | 3.10 | 0.60 | 0.000 | 3.70 | 0.35 | 0.000 |
| Wear time | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.863 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.715 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.206 |
| zBMI | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.585 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.470 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.250 |
| Age | −0.19 | 0.05 | 0.000 | −0.18 | 0.06 | 0.001 | −0.18 | 0.06 | 0.002 |
| Activity (between) | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.104 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.112 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.014 |
| Activity (within) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.009 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.011 |
Note. DV=dependent variable; EMA=ecological momentary assessment; zBMI= body mass index z-score; stationary=minutes of stationary activity; Total physical activity =minutes of light and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; LOC=loss of control; between=grand-mean centered variable; within=person-mean centered variable. Physical activity and stationary behavior were assessed within 30/60/120 minutes before EMA ratings. Wear time was the total valid wear time within each specified time window (30/60/120 minutes).
1
Lagged activity/stationary time (i.e., occurring before the prior EMA signal) were used as predictors of loss of control eating and overeating reported at the next EMA signal to ensure that there was a temporal association between these variables.