Table 1.

Number of items recovered, frequency and ubiquity for the main crops from Sadia by phases. First line is the total number of items and second line gives frequency followed by ubiquity

Identified species	Phase 0 ‘pre-tell’	Phase 1 8–10th c.	Phase 2 10–11th c.	Phase 3 12–13th c.	Total
Number of samples Volume of soil in litres	9 111	8 86	42 666	87 1317	146 2200
Pennisetum glaucum caryopsis	73	36	1015	695	1819
Pennisetum glaucum involucre	89	202	1428	1369	3088
Pennisetum glaucum total	162	238	2443	2064	4907
Frequency Ubiquity	56% 89%	49% 100%	59% 95%	40% 88%	48% 91%
Digitaria exilis caryopsis	–	–	37	931	968
Frequency Ubiquity	–	–	1% 19%	18% 53%	10% 40%
Echinochloa sp. caryopsis	2	–	237	480	719
Frequency Ubiquity	1% 11%	–	6% 52%	9% 13%	7% 23%
Oryza glaberrima caryopsis	–	–	6	6	12
Oryza glaberrima Spikelets bases	–	–	108	59	167
Oryza glaberrima total	–	–	114	65	179
Frequency Ubiquity	–	–	3% 50%	1.5% 25%	2% 29%
Vigna unguiculata seed	–	–	9	1	10
Frequency Ubiquity	–	–	<1% 7%	<1% 1%	1% 3%
Sorghum bicolor caryopsis	–	–	10	47	57
Sorghum bicolor spikelet base	–	–	10	23	33
Sorghum bicolor total	–	–	20	70	90
Frequency Ubiquity	–	–	<1% 17%	<1% 22%	<1% 18%
Hibiscus cf. sababdariffa caryopsis	5	–	29	–	34
Frequency Ubiquity	2% 22%	–	<1% 11%	–	<1% 5%
Poaceae sp. grain	20	20	49	37	126
Frequency Ubiquity	7% 67%	4% 38%	2% 12%	<1% 5%	1% 12%
Weeds and/or wild gathered plants	20	13	142	124	299
Frequency Ubiquity	7% 78%	3% 50%	4% 43%	3% 29%	3% 37%
Tree/bush	50	125	214	90	479
Frequency Ubiquity	17% 67%	26% 38%	5% 79%	2% 39%	5% 52%
Total number	288	489	4114	5213	10104
Density items/litre	2.6	5.7	6.2	3.9	4.6