TABLE 1.

A summary of studies discussed in this review assessing obesity/T2DM-related changes to the trafficking of innate and adaptive immune cells.

	Effect of obesity/T2DM on cell recruitment	Potential mechanisms	References
Monocyte/macrophage	↑ recruitment of macrophages in retinas of STZ-induced diabetic rats	CCL2-CCR2 axis	Rangasamy et al., 2014
	↑ recruitment of macrophages in kidney of STZ-induced diabetic mice	CCL2-CCR2 axis	Tarabra et al., 2009
	↑ adhesion of monocyte to adipocytes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of patients with T2DM and obesity (Human study)	↑ CX3CL1 expression in adipose tissue	Shah et al., 2011
	↑ recruitment of macrophages in white adipose tissue of HFD-induced obese mice	↑ CCR5 expression in white adipose tissue	Kitade et al., 2012
	↑ levels of F4/80 and CD11c mRNA expression in adipose tissue of HFD fed mice	↑ Adipose tissue expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CCL2, CXCL14	Kawanishi et al., 2010
	↑ expression of F4/80 in adipose tissue of HFD fed mice	↑ Adipose tissue expression of mRNA for ICAM-1	Brake et al., 2006
	↓ RPMs in db/db mice ↑ Increased M2 polarization	Ongoing chronic inflammation in the peritoneal cavity in db/db mice	Liu et al., 2012
	In vitro ↓ adhesion and phagocytosis capacity of RPMs from in db/db mice	abnormal microenvironment in db/db mouse	Liu et al., 2012)
	↓ monocyte/macrophages in lung tissue of diabetic DPP4H/M mice following infection by MERS-CoV	↓ lung tissue expression of Ccl2 and Cxcl10	Kulcsar et al., 2019
DCs	↑ CD11chighF4/80low DCs in mice visceral adipose tissue in HFD-induced obese mice	Not described	Bertola et al., 2012.
	↑ CD11c+CD1c+ cDCs in obese human subcutaneous adipose tissue (Human study)	Not described	Bertola et al., 2012.
	↑ CD11c+ cDCs numbers in the adipose tissue of HFD-fed mice	Not described	Chen et al., 2014
Neutrophils	↑ trafficking of neutrophil into mice visceral adipose tissue after 3 days on HFD	↑ CD11b surface expression on neutrophils	Elgazar-Carmon et al., 2008
	↑ recruitment of neutrophils into the adipose tissue of HFD-fed mice after 3 days on HFD (sustained infiltration for up to 90 days on HFD)	↑ expression and activity of neutrophil-secreted elastase in the adipose tissue of HFD-fed mice	Talukdar et al., 2012
CD8+ T-cells	↑ infiltrated CD8+ effector T-cells in visceral adipose tissue in HFD-fed mice	Activation of CD8+T cells by endogenous stimuli localized in the adipose tissue	Nishimura et al., 2009.
	↓ lower numbers of CD8+ T-cells in their brains in db/db mice following infection with West Nile virus	↓ expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 in db/db brains	Kumar et al., 2014
CD4+ T-cells	↓ CD4 + T-cells in lung tissue of diabetic DPP4H/M mice following infection by MERS-CoV	↓ lung tissue expression of Ccl2 and Cxcl10	Kulcsar et al., 2019
Tregs	↓ regulatory T-cells in visceral adipose tissue of HFD-fed mice	Not described	Nishimura et al., 2009.
	↓ CD4+ Tregs HFD-fed mice	↓ levels of adiponectin in obese fat	Feuerer et al., 2009; Ilan et al., 2010.
B-cells	↑ number of B-cells in the bone marrow of HFD-fed mice	Not described	Trottier et al., 2012
	↓ number of B-cells in the bone marrow of HFD-fed mice	lower expression of Pax5 in the bone marrow of HFD-fed mice	Chan et al., 2012
Granulocytes	↓ granulocytes in the alveolar airspace of stz-induced diabetic mice following infection by Klebsiella pneumoniae	↓ levels of (CXCL1, CXCL2) and (IL-1β, TNFα) in lung tissue	Martinez et al., 2016