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. 2021 Feb 22;15:615798. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.615798

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Copyright © 2021 Minakova, Sarafinovska, Mikati, Barclay, McCullough, Dougherty, Al-Hasani and Maloney.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Prolonged and in utero Oxy exposure affect spectrotemporal features of pup USV calls. (A) Cumulative means of pitch range (Hz) of USV calls (drug, p = 0.004; dam × drug, p = 0.000315; sex × dam × drug × age, p = 0.097). Prolonged Oxy exposure led to lower pitch range relative to prolonged Veh (p = 0.000012) and relative to in utero Oxy exposure (p = 0.005). (B,C) Cumulative mean pitch (Hz) in (B) male and (C) female offspring (drug, p = 1.9953E^{– 7}; sex × dam, p = 0.022; sex × drug, p = 0.022; sex × dam × drug, p = 0.004; sex × dam × drug × age, p = 0.036; sex, p = 0.076). Prolonged Oxy exposure in (B) male pups led to decreased pitch relative to prolonged Veh (p = 4.4816E^{– 9}) and relative to in utero Oxy (p = 0.015). In utero Oxy exposure led to a marginal decrease in pitch relative to in utero Veh (p = 0.059) in (B) male pups and a significant decrease in (C) female pups (p = 0.016). (D) Cumulative means of peak power (dB) (dam, p = 0.019; drug, p = 0.002; dam × drug, p = 0.001). In utero Oxy exposure leads to significantly higher peak power relative to prolonged Oxy exposure (p = 0.001) and relative to in utero Veh (p = 0.000002). Thick bars depict means, with litter size as a covariate, while open circles depict individual measurements. Error bars represent standard error.