TABLE 2.

Test statistics from hierarchical linear models.

Variable	Factor	Output	p-value
Weight (g)	Sex	F (1, 107) = 10.219	p = 0.002
	Drug	F (1, 109) = 5.448	p = 0.021
	Age	F (9, 901) = 785.001	p = 0.000
	Litter Size	F (1,102) = 9.922	p = 0.002
	Sex × Dam × Drug × Age	F (67, 685) = 4.232	p = 1.2916E–22
Righting reflex	Dam	F (1,24) = 4.630	p = 0.042
	Sex × Dam × Drug	F (4,74) = 2.518	p = 0.048
	Litter Size	F (1,26) = 9.335	p = 0.005
Number of USV calls	Dam	F (1,156) = 7.015	p = 0.009
	Drug	F (1,151) = 12.000	p = 0.001
	Dam × Drug	F (1,159) = 5.223	p = 0.024
	Litter Size	F (1, 159) = 3.064	p = 0.082
Pitch range (Hz)	Drug	F (1,169) = 8.456	p = 0.004
	Dam × Drug	F (1,169) = 13.528	p = 0.000315
	Age × Dam × Drug × Sex	F (24, 319) = 1.385	p = 0.097
Mean pitch (Hz)	Drug	F (1,160) = 29.552	p = 1.9953E–7
	Dam × Sex	F (1,160) = 5.373	p = 0.022
	Drug × Sex	F (1,160) = 5.354	p = 0.022
	Sex × Dam × Drug	F (1,160) = 8.365	p = 0.004
	Sex × Dam × Drug × Age	F (24, 301) = 1.617	p = 0.036
	Sex	F (1, 161) = 3.190	p = 0.076
Peak power (dB)	Dam	F (1,163) = 5.632	p = 0.019
	Drug	F (1,171) = 10.327	p = 0.002
	Dam × Drug	F (1,172) = 12.399	p = 0.001
	Litter Size	F (1,161) = 6.313	p = 0.013

Showing significant main and interaction effects. Age was grand mean-centered for analysis, where included. Litter size was included as a covariate.