Table 1.
Comparison of demographic, clinical characteristics, and cognitive function in all subjects.
| HC (n = 20) | SCD (n = 20) | MCI (n = 20) | AD (n = 20) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 70.75 ± 5.37 | 68.60 ± 7.30 | 71.95 ± 5.93 | 73.00 ± 6.03 | 0.144 |
| Gender (F/M) | 8/12 | 16/4 | 12/8 | 10/10 | 0.067† |
| Education (years) | 13.38 ± 2.89 | 12.35 ± 3.63 | 11.40 ± 3.73 | 10.75 ± 3.52 | 0.096 |
| HAMD scores | 0.50 ± 0.89 | 2.40 ± 3.96 | 2.85 ± 2.96 | 2.55 ± 3.46 | 0.176 |
| HIS scores | 1.75 ± 0.85 | 1.05 ± 1.32 | 1.60 ± 1.35 | 1.70 ± 1.26 | 0.459 |
| ADL scores | 20.00 ± 0.00 | 20.10 ± 0.45 | 20.15 ± 0.37 | 26.45 ± 7.20cef | <0.001 |
| MMSE scores | 28.60 ± 1.19 | 28.80 ± 1.28 | 26.95 ± 2.09 | 19.60 ± 3.27cef | <0.001 |
| Composite z-scores of each cognitive domain | |||||
| Episodic memory | 2.75 ± 1.27 | 1.37 ± 1.86a | −1.51 ± 1.16bd | −2.85 ± 0.94cef | <0.001 |
| Visuospatial function | 0.64 ± 0.66 | 0.50 ± 1.16 | 0.13 ± 1.20 | −1.19 ± 2.57ef | 0.002 |
| Information processing speed | 2.46 ± 2.31 | 1.16 ± 2.23 | 0.32 ± 2.83 | −4.10 ± 2.71cef | <0.001 |
| Executive function | 2.49 ± 1.79 | 0.84 ± 1.98 | 0.62 ± 1.92b | −4.35 ± 2.61cef | <0.001 |
The values of p were obtained from the one-way ANOVA (age and education) and the ANCOVA (controlled for age, gender, and education) analysis, while the
p-value was obtained from the χ2 test. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Significant differences were found in MMSE, ADL, and four cognitive domains among all the groups. Post hoc analysis (Bonferroni correction) further revealed the source of ANCOVA differences: (a) HC vs. SCD; (b) HC vs. MCI; (c) HC vs. AD; (d) SCD vs. MCI; (e) SCD vs. AD; (f) MCI vs. AD. HC, Healthy Control; SCD, Subjective Cognitive Decline; MCI, Mild Cognitive Impairment; AD, Alzheimer's Disease; F/M, Female/Male; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; ADL, Activities of Daily Living; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Scale; HIS, Hachinski Ischemic Scale.