Table 4:
Lifespan Differences in Mental and Physical Health Correlates of Tranquilizer Sedative Motive Categories
| Age Group | Motive Category |
Past-Year Major Depression |
Past-Year Suicidal Ideation |
Past-Year Serious Psychological Distress |
Past-Year Mental Health Treatment |
Past-Year Emergency Department Use |
Past-Year Inpatient Hospitalization |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | OR (95% CI) |
% | OR (95% CI) |
% | OR (95% CI) |
% | OR (95% CI) |
% | OR (95% CI) |
% | OR (95% CI) |
||
| Adolescents (12-17 years) | Non-Misuse | 12.9 | 1.00 (ref.) | N/A | N/A | 23.2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 27.7 | 1.00 (ref.) | 4.8 | 1.00 (ref.) | ||
| Sleep-Relax Only | 24.2 | 2.20 (1.58-3.06)*** | 43.2 | 2.52 (1.89-3.35)*** | 51.5 | 2.75 (2.05-3.68)*** | 11.2 | 2.46 (1.60-3.80)*** | |||||
| Any Recreational | 39.6 | 4.67 (3.67-5.93)***+ | 48.1 | 3.05 (2.49-3.75)*** | 43.3 | 2.00 (1.62-2.47)*** | 15.0 | 3.48 (2.62-4.63)*** | |||||
| Young Adults (18-25 years) | Non-Misuse | 11.2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 8.7 | 1.00 (ref.) | 21.4 | 1.00 (ref.) | 12.8 | 1.00 (ref.) | 28.7 | 1.00 (ref.) | 6.6 | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Sleep-Relax Only | 20.6 | 2.04 (1.66-2.51)*** | 18.4 | 2.34 (1.91-2.87)*** | 37.9 | 2.19 (1.79-2.68)*** | 25.1 | 2.19 (1.79-2.68)*** | 38.9 | 1.57 (1.31-1.87)*** | 8.1 | 1.24 (0.92-1.66) | |
| Any Recreational | 27.4 | 3.04 (2.62-3.53)***+ | 27.0 | 3.89 (3.41-4.44)***+ | 48.1 | 3.24 (2.79-3.77)***+ | 32.1 | 3.24 (2.79-3.77)***+ | 40.9 | 1.75 (1.53-1.99)*** | 10.4 | 1.69 (1.34-2.14)*** | |
| Early Middle Adults (26-34 years) | Non-Misuse | 7.8 | 1.00 (ref.) | 5.0 | 1.00 (ref.) | 14.2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 13.8 | 1.00 (ref.) | 26.5 | 1.00 (ref.) | 8.4 | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Sleep-Relax Only | 16.6 | 2.21 (1.72-2.83)*** | 12.4 | 2.57 (1.95-3.39)*** | 29.9 | 2.55 (2.06-3.16)*** | 30.2 | 2.55 (2.06-3.16)*** | 32.4 | 1.32 (1.14-1.54)*** | 6.6 | 0.78 (0.56-1.09) | |
| Any Recreational | 33.3 | 5.58 (4.45-6.99)***+ | 23.3 | 5.33 (4.08-6.97)***+ | 51.5 | 4.65 (3.74-5.78)***+ | 43.7 | 4.65 (3.74-5.78)***+ | 37.6 | 1.63 (1.35-1.96)*** | 12.7 | 1.68 (1.22-2.33)**+ | |
| Middle Adults (35-49 years) | Non-Misuse | 6.8 | 1.00 (ref.) | 3.3 | 1.00 (ref.) | 10.2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 15.5 | 1.00 (ref.) | 23.4 | 1.00 (ref.) | 7.3 | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Sleep-Relax Only | 19.9 | 3.00 (2.36-3.80)*** | 13.7 | 3.94 (2.99-5.18)*** | 31.0 | 2.95 (2.37-3.68)*** | 37.5 | 2.95 (2.37-3.68)*** | 33.4 | 1.49 (1.19-1.85)** | 10.8 | 1.39 (1.05-1.85)* | |
| Any Recreational | 32.5 | 6.26 (4.82-8.12)***+ | 25.2 | 8.86 (6.25-12.54)***+ | 48.3 | 6.35 (4.96-8.13)***+ | 55.0 | 6.35 (4.96-8.13)***+ | 36.1 | 1.76 (1.35-2.29)*** | 13.1 | 1.81 (1.26-2.59)** | |
| Older Adults (50 and older) | Non-Misuse | 4.5 | 1.00 (ref.) | 2.3 | 1.00 (ref.) | 5.8 | 1.00 (ref.) | 13.6 | 1.00 (ref.) | 26.1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 13.1 | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Sleep-Relax Only | 14.1 | 3.57 (2.47-5.20)*** | 9.2 | 4.42 (2.90-6.72)*** | 17.8 | 3.53 (2.68-4.64)*** | 34.5 | 3.53 (2.68-4.64)*** | 30.4 | 1.26 (0.95-1.68) | 16.2 | 1.30 (0.87-1.94) | |
| Any Recreational | 37.7 | 11.11 (6.87-17.95)***+ | 22.4 | 10.86 (6.04-19.54)*** | 43.9 | 9.55 (5.68-16.04)***+ | 61.2 | 9.55 (5.68-16.04)***+ | 39.2 | 1.57 (0.95-2.58) | 27.1 | 2.12 (1.26-3.57)** | |
| Age Group by Motive Category Interaction |
t = 6.52 p < 0.0001 |
t = 6.84 p < 0.0001 |
t = 7.71 p < 0.0001 |
t = 8.09 p < 0.0001 |
t = −1.26 p = 0.21 |
t = − 0.65 p = 0.52 |
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Data: 2015-18 National Survey on Drug Use and Health
OR = Odds Ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval of the odds ratio
All models controlled for sex, race/ethnicity, household income and population density of residence.
*
denotes p < 0.05
**
denotes p < 0.01
***
denotes p < 0.001
+
denotes significant difference between Sleep and/or Relax Motives Only and Recreational Motives categories (p < 0.01).