Table 4.
Characteristics of interventional and control groups (ranged by addictive disorder).
| Authors |
Name of application Functionalities/specificities |
Control group(s)Functionalities |
|---|---|---|
| TOBACCO | ||
| Baskerville et al. (25) |
App: Crush the Crave (CTC) version 2.1 Functionalities: - Information: relapse, craving, medications - Set quit date and help to choose the quit mode, - Track money saved, health benefits and number of cig per day Specificities: - Positive reinforcement: motivational message, virtual rewards - Identify cues and help to manage craving (web-based distractions) |
On the Road to Quiting (OnRQ)- Self-help guide, - Informative, - Similar contents to CTC |
| BinDhim NF, McGeechan K, Trevena L. (42) |
App: Quit Advisor Plus Functionalities: - Information: quitting options (benefits/risks) - Quitting agenda - Quitting benefits tracker Specificities: - Decision-aid app to help choose quit method - Mandatory information - Customized, systematic and daily motivational messages |
Placebo app: - Non-mandatory information on quit methods - No structured information on benefits/harms of different quit methods |
| Bricker et al. (43) |
App: SmartQuit version 1.0 Functionalities: - Information on medications - Motivational messages on reasons to quit - Customized quit plan (treatments, social support) - Tips on craving managements Specificities: - Craving management based on acceptance and commitment therapy. - Track number of craving passed without smoking |
QuitGuide app: - Based on US guidelines - Information on medications - Motivates to quit - Personalized quit plan - Craving management strategies |
| Crane D, Ubhi HK, Brown J, West R. (45) |
App: SmokeFree Functionalities: - Information on benefits of quitting - Track progress: number of days without smoking, savings Specificities: - Daily missions on craving prevention and management, based on behavioral cognitive therapy. - Virtual rewards |
Placebo app: - Minimal version - Excluded missions |
| Dar R. (46) |
App: SmokeBeat Functionalities: - Monitoring: detected hand to mouth movements predicting smoking, number of cig per day Specificities: (“smart Watch” or connected bracelets) - Real-time identification of smoking |
“Wait list” group: - No intervention |
| Garrison et al. (47) |
App: Craving to quit Specificities: - Mindfulness training - Meditation techniques - Conscience of craving (RAIN: Recognize, Accept, Investigate and Note) |
Placebo app: - Minimal version - “Experience sampling/ES”: monitoring of use and real-time craving |
| Hassandra et al. (48) |
App: PhoS (Physical activity over smoking) Functionalities: - Information on risks of smoking - Motivational messages to quit Specificities: - Craving management by physical exercises |
Usual treatment: - Behavioral cognitive therapy |
| Krishnan N,Elf JL, Chon S, Golub JE. (49) |
App: Coach2Quit Functionalities: - Measurement of exhaled CO (eCO) twice per day (automatic reminder) - Information on consumption based on eCO |
Usual treatment: - Brief intervention |
| Mavrot C,Wittwer S, Etter JF. (50) |
App: Stop-Tabac Functionalities: - Customized tracker: consumption, savings, progress - Interactive coach: personalized messages on abstinence, craving, high risk situations - Help to manage craving: messages (SMS) and counseling on relapse prevention, relaxation exercises - Professional help through quitline/forum Specificities: - Customization - Systematic and automatic messages at degressive frequency (except for relapse) |
Placebo app: - Consumption tracker - Few impersonalized messages. |
| O'Connor M, Whelan R, Bricker J, McHugh L. (44) |
App: SmartQuit version 2.1 (2Morrow) Functionalities: - Personalized quit plan - Determine reasons to quit Specificities: - Based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) - Track craving passed without smoking - Combined to face to face ACT |
Control group 1: - Face to face ACT Control group 2- Behavioral cognitive therapy |
| Peiris et al. (51) |
App: Can't Even Quit Functionalities: - Automated motivational messages (frequency established by user) on abstinence and relapse prevention while experiencing craving - Consumption tracker |
Control group: - No intervention - Participants encouraged to use smoking cessation support |
| Tombor et al. (52) |
App: SmokeFree Baby Functionalities: 5 modules: 1) Identity: persuasion and modulation of self-image (positive image, accepting his identity as ex-smoker) 2) Stress management: information on tobacco and stress, stress management techniques, relaxation exercises 3) Effects on health: information on harms of smoking and benefits to quit 4) Face to face: social support 5) Behavior: encourage behavior change, alternative solutions to smoking |
Placebo app: - Few tips on cessation - Non-interactive |
| ALCOHOL | ||
| Bertholet N, Godinho A,Cunningham JA. (53) |
App: Alcooquizz Functionalities: - Information on use and its consequences - Monitoring of consumption - Tool to design a driver Specificities: - Not automated (app use depends on user) - Reinforcement of self-efficacy (fix personal objectives) - Customized normative feedback - eBAC calculation |
Control group: - No intervention |
| Crane D, Garnett C, Michie S, West R, Brown J. (54) |
App: Drink Less Functionalities: (5 interventional module) 1) Customized normative feedback 2) Cognitive bias retraining 3) Self-affirmation: identity change 4) Action planning 5) Self-monitoring of consumption and harms |
Placebo application: - Minimal version - Informative - Not personalized |
| Gajecki M, Andersson C, Rosendahl I, Sinadinovic K, Fredriksson M, Berman AH. (57) |
App: TeleCoach Functionalities: - Information on consequences of hazardous drinking - Monitoring of number of drinks/days Specificities: - Relapse prevention skills training: 1) ≪ Say No to Alcohol ≫: analysis of high risks situations, refusal exercise: “say no to alcohol” 2) ≪ Feel better without alcohol ≫: relaxation exercises, positive thinking, urge surfing training |
Control group 1: - Access to app after 6 weeks Control group 2 (58): - No intervention |
| Gajecki M,Berman AH, Sinadinovic K, Rosendahl I, Andersson C. (58) |
App:
1) Promillekoll 2) PartyPlanner Functionalities: Promillekoll: - Real-time monitoring of number of drinks and eBAC calculation - Specific strategies to maintain eBAC below 0.06% to prevent dangerous drinking - Information on use and eBAC PartyPlanner - Simulate and plan use before an event; compared to real consumption afterwards - Monitoring of number of drinking and eBAC calculation |
Control group: - No intervention |
| Glass et al. (55) |
App: A-CHESS Functionalities: - Information on addiction - Motivational messages - Monitoring of drinks - Interaction with other drinkers and experts - Testimony of patients and families Specificities: - Identify high risk situations (GPS) - Craving management by behavioral cognitive therapy - Customization - Combined to outpatient addiction treatment |
Mutual help: - Associated to A-CHESS |
| Gonzalez VM,Dulin PL. (59) |
App: LBMI-A Functionalities: - 7 psycho-educative modules Specificities: - Based on real-time assessment and intervention - Real-time monitoring of craving (intensity, cues) - Real-time solutions to manage craving |
Control group: - Placebo app: Brief intervention during 1 h on internet on behavior change - + bibliography: documents on craving management, how to refuse drinking and overcome relapse |
| Gustafson DH, McTavish FM, Chih M et al. (56) |
App: A-CHESS Functionalities: - Information on addiction - Motivational messages - Monitoring of drinks - Interaction with other drinkers and experts - Testimony of patients and families Specificities: - Identify high risk situations (geolocation) - Craving management by behavioral cognitive therapy - Customization |
Usual treatment: - Medications - Behavioral cognitive therapy |
| Hides et al. (60) |
App: Ray's Night Out Functionalities: - Information, motivation and technics to maintain consumption goals - Information about how to reduce risks of intoxication - Information on physical and behavioral consequences of intoxication - Monitoring of number of drinks per event |
“wait list” group: - Differed access to app at 1 month |
| OTHER SUBSTANCES | ||
| Liang D, Han H, Du J, Zhao M, Hser YI. (61) |
App: S-Health Functionalities: - Information on risks reduction (text message at predefined time) - Customized motivational messages on positive/negative affects Specificities: - Daily surveys (predefined time/ upon request) on 1) craving intensity, 2) affects, 3) cues (emotions, place, context), 4) responses to stimuli, 5) social context (alone or with a particular person - Personalization |
Placebo app: - Few informative messages |
| BINGE EATING DISORDER | ||
| Hildebrandt et al. (62) |
App: Noom monitor Functionalities: - Self-monitoring: exercise, meal/snacks, compensatory behaviors, craving, weight - Personal notes Specificities: - Combined use with behavioral cognitive therapy (self-help guide) |
Control group: - Behavioral cognitive therapy only |
app, application; cig, cigarettes; eBAC, estimated blood alcohol concentration; US, United States (of America).