Fig. 1.

Long-term M1 and cerebellar recording during natural sleep. A. Wearable data-logging electronics and chronic cerebellar electrode implant for long-term recording during unrestrained behaviour. B. Example simultaneous recordings from primary motor cortex (M1, top) and cerebellum (Cb, bottom) during natural sleep. C. Firing rate of an example M1 (black) and cerebellar (red) neuron through a full night of sleep. Insets show averaged action potential waveforms from the first and last 1000 spikes in the recording. Blue trace plots depth of sleep calculated as negative cosine of sleep phase. D. Power spectrograms of M1 and cerebellar LFPs for the same session. E. Average spike firing rate against sleep phase for all M1 (black) and cerebellar (red) neurons in monkeys U and T combined. Shading indicates s.e.m. P and r² values are from linear-to-circular correlation. Blue trace plots depth of sleep. F. Mean normalised power (proportional deviation from mean) as a function of sleep phase for all sessions with monkey U. Supplemental Fig. 3 shows data for all subjects. Side plots show sleep cycle modulation calculated from regression against cosine of sleep phase. Shading indicates s.e.m. Supplemental Fig. 3 shows corresponding plots for all animals.