Table 2.

Mechanisms of action of various repurposed and investigational drugs and their potential cardiovascular complications [20]

Drugs	Mechanism of action	Cardiovascular complication
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine	Regulate the pH and inhibit the replication of viral RNA	Myocardial damage, cardiomyopathy, altered nerve conduction, AV block, ventricular Torsades de pointes, and arrhythmia
Azithromycin	Inhibit the protein synthesis by COVID-19	Potential interaction with HMG-CoA inhibitors, aspirin, prolong QT interval, causes arrhythmia and Torsades de pointes
Methylprednisolone	Reduce the production of inflammatory mediators	Interact with aspirin, causes fluid retention, edema, and hypertension
Remdesivir	Inhibit viral RNA polymerase	It causes hypertension and arrhythmia.
Favipiravir	RNA dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor	Interact with statins, aspirin, and anti-arrhythmic drugs. Causes hypertension and hemolytic anemia.
Ribavirin	Inhibit viral RNA replication	Interact with aspirin and other anticoagulant and causes anemia.
Lopinavir/Ritonavir	Inhibit protease	Interacts with anti-platelet drugs, aspirin, and HMG-CoA inhibitors. Causes hypertension, QT prolongation, alteration in nerve conduction Torsades de pointes, and increases cholesterol level
Interferon	Activate the immune system	Causes cardiomyopathy, hypotension, myocardial ischemia, and alter AV conduction
Tocilizumab	IL-6 inhibitor	Causes hypertension and interacts with statins
Bevacizumb	Reduce pulmonary edema	Potentiate cardiomyopathy, causes hypertension, and coagulation in arteries
Anakinra	Reduce inflammation and macrophage activation	Potentiate congestive heart failure