Table 4.

Impact of helmet and intoxication status on selected adverse outcomes.

	Non-helmeted (n = 383)		Intoxicated (n = 189)
Adverse outcome	OR [CI]	p-value	OR [CI]	p-value
Severe GCS (<9)	2.28 [1.24–4.17]	0.008	1.28 [0.79–2.08]	0.322
ISS ≥ 30	2.42 [1.18–4.93]	0.015	0.91 [0.52–1.60]	0.752
Any bony injury	0.38 [0.25–0.57]	<0.001	0.02 [0.43–0.93]	0.019
Any soft tissue injury	0.57 [0.20–1.60]	0.288	1.21 [0.42–3.47]	0.726
Plastic surgery involvement	0.83 [0.39–1.78]	0.638	1.89 [0.94–3.79]	0.074
Extended LOS (>75th percentile)	1.13 [0.72–1.78]	0.587	1.43 [0.95–2.17]	0.088
High cost (>75th percentile)	0.99 [0.63–1.55]	0.953	1.62 [1.07–2.45]	0.024

OR: odds ratio; CI: 95% confidence interval; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; ISS: injury severity score; LOS: length of stay (days). Controlled for age, sex, and race. For each outcome, helmet status and intoxication status were included in the model. Significance set at p < 0.05.