TABLE 1.
Participant characteristics
| No WFH (n = 745) | WFH (n = 494) | p value a | Subgroups by the percentage of WFH (n = 494) | p value b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1%‐25% (n = 112) | 26%‐50% (n = 105) | 51%‐75% (n = 48) | 76%‐100% (n = 229) | |||||
| Age (years) | 44.7 (13.9) | 44.6 (13.5) | 0.83 | 43.0 (13.5) | 44.3 (13.8) | 44.0 (13.2) | 45.6 (13.5) | 0.42 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Men | 396 (53.2%) | 338 (68.4%) | <0.001 | 78 (69.9%) | 73 (69.5%) | 36 (75.0%) | 151 (65.9%) | 0.63 |
| Women | 349 (46.8%) | 156 (31.6%) | 34 (30.4%) | 32 (30.5%) | 12 (25.0%) | 78 (34.1%) | ||
| Current Smoker | 118 (15.8%) | 93 (18.8%) | 0.17 | 21 (18.8%) | 22 (21.0%) | 13 (27.1%) | 37 (16.2%) | 0.32 |
| Regular drinker (every day) | 102 (13.7%) | 81 (16.4%) | 0.19 | 23 (20.5%) | 15 (14.3%) | 7 (14.6%) | 36 (15.7%) | 0.59 |
| BMI | 22.4 (3.5) | 22.2 (3.7) | 0.33 | 22.2 (4.0%) | 22.6 (3.5) | 21.5(2.9) | 22.2 (3.8) | 0.37 |
| Residential area | ||||||||
| Tokyo | 275 (36.9%) | 242 (49.0%) | <0.001 | 55 (49.1%) | 52 (49.5%) | 23 (47.9%) | 112 (48.9%) | >0.99 |
| Others | 470 (63.1%) | 252 (51.0%) | 57(50.9%) | 53 (50.5%) | 25 (52.1%) | 117 (51.1%) | ||
| Educational attainment | ||||||||
| More than high school | 519 (72.4%) | 430 (88.7%) | <0.001 | 97 (86.6%) | 91 (88.3%) | 44 (91.7%) | 198 (89.2%) | 0.81 |
| Up to high school | 198 (27.6%) | 55 (11.3%) | 15 (13.4%) | 12 (11.7%) | 4 (8.3%) | 24 (10.8%) | ||
| Self‐rated Health | ||||||||
| Excellent/good | 625 (83.9%) | 424 (85.8%) | 0.38 | 96 (85.7%) | 94 (89.5%) | 42 (87.5%) | 192 (83.8%) | 0.57 |
| Fair/very poor | 120 (16.1%) | 70 (14.2%) | 16 (14.3%) | 11 (10.5%) | 6 (12.5%) | 37 (16.2%) | ||
| Job characteristic | ||||||||
| Full‐time job | 490 (65.8%) | 455 (92.1%) | <0.001 | 104 (92.9%) | 96 (91.4%) | 46 (95.8%) | 209 (91.3%) | 0.73 |
| Part‐time job | 255 (34.2%) | 39 (7.9%) | 8 (7.1%) | 9 (8.6%) | 2 (4.2%) | 20 (8.7%) | ||
| Industrial classification | ||||||||
| Primary industry | 7 (1.0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.004 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0.55 |
| Secondary industry | 129 (18.0%) | 122 (25.2%) | 25 (22.3%) | 26 (25.2%) | 17(35.4) | 54 (24.3) | ||
| Tertiary industry | 581 (81.0%) | 362 (74.6%) | 87 (77.7%) | 77 (74.8%) | 31 (64.6) | 167 (75.2) | ||
| Working time (hours) | 7.3 (2.1) | 7.5 (2.2) | 0.14 | 7.8 (2.2) | 7.3 (1.9) | 8.1 (1.7) | 7.4 (2.5) | 0.06 |
Values are presented as means (standard deviations) or n (%). Total number of participants is not always same because of missing values.
Abbreviations: WFH, work from home; BMI, body mass index.
a
p for Student's t test.
b
p for analysis of variance (ANOVA).