(A) Fabrication of a nanovaccine based on synthetic biodegradable PLGA and DEPE-PEG polymers using a double emulsion technique. (B, C) Cryo-electron microscopy of cdGMP-loaded hollow nanoparticles. (D) Determination of the size distribution of nanoparticles via dynamic light scattering. HPLC diagram of adjuvant-loaded nanoparticles (NP[cdGMP]) and soluble cdGMP. (E) HPLC diagram of soluble cdGMP and adjuvant-loaded nanoparticles (NP[cdGMP]). (F) Calibration curve for the determination of cdGMP encapsulation efficiency. (G) cdGMP release profiles at pH 5 and pH 7.
PLGA: Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid).
Reproduced with permission from [66] © WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim (2019).