Preoperative	Intraoperative	Postoperative
Patient/family education	Opioid-sparing, multimodal analgesia	Early nutrition
Medical optimization	Euvolaemia*	Early mobilization (out of bed)
Limiting fasting, made nil by mouth 6 h before operation	Normothermia	Minimize intravenous fluids, heplock fluids at 12 h
Carbohydrate-rich beverage (ClearFast®) given up to 2 h before operation	Normoglycaemia	Management of nausea and vomiting
Regional block versus epidural placement	Minimize tubes and drains	Minimize opioids

^*As measured by adherence to institutional protocol for perioperative fluid administration, including but not restricted to limiting fluids in the preoperative setting, zero fluid balance or intraoperative oesophageal Doppler monitoring, and decreasing postoperative intravenous fluid administration to 75 ml/h for 6 h. ClearFast® (ClearFast, Atlanta, Georgia, USA).