Table 7.

HBCDDs in human milk from European mothers published in the open domain since the previous EFSA Opinion on HBCDDs

Country	Year of sampling	n	α‐HBCDD	β‐HBCDD	γ‐HBCDD	ΣHBCDD	Total HBCDDs	Reference
			Mean (median), range
France	2010	106	< LODa–23.6	< LOD–6.6	< LOD–6.4	2.7–33.2	–	Inthavong et al. (2017)
France	2011–2014	41	(0.56), 0.22–4.21	–	–	–	–	Antignac et al. (2016)
Denmark	1997–2002	435	(0.31), 0.02–28.71	–	–	–	–	Antignac et al. (2016)
Finland	1997–2002	22	(0.31), 0.03–2.19	–	–	–	–	Antignac et al. (2016)
UK	2010	34	4.91 (3.17), 0.75–19.71	0.32 (0.30), 0.08–0.75	0.73 (0.56), 0.13–2.29	5.95 (3.83), 1.04–22.37	–	Abdallah and Harrad (2011)
UK	2010–2011	120b	5.27	0.48	0.79	–	–	Harrad and Abdallah (2015)
UK	2014–2015	10	–	–	–	3.2 (2.9), 0.69–7.1	–	Tao et al. (2017)
Ireland	2010	11c	2.59, (1.50–3.44)	0.46, (0.29–1.56)	0.47, (0.29–0.94)	3.52, (1.67–5.94)	–	Pratt et al. (2013)
Ireland	2016–2018	16d	1.5 (1.7), 0.66–3.0	0.22 (0.34), < 0.05–0.53	0.27 (0.21), < 0.05–1.5	2.0 (1.8), 0.83–3.6	–	Wemken et al. (2020)
Czech Republic	2010	50	< 1–76e	–	–	–	–	Lankova et al. (2013)
Belgium	2009–2010	84f	3.20	0.05	0.55	3.80	–	Croes et al. (2012)
Sweden	2008	18	–	–	–	–	< 0.32–1.5	Björklund et al. (2012)
Sweden – Uppsala – Gothenburg – Lund – Lycksele	2000–2004	92 37 36 39	–	–	–	–	0.3 (< 0.2–4.4) < 0.4 (< 0.4–2.4) 0.4 (< 0.2–5.9) 0.4 (0.09–10)	Glynn et al. (2011)
Sweden	2012	30					0.40 (0.33), < 0.20–1.5	Lignell et al. (2014)
Sweden	2015–2016	30					0.18 (0.15), < 0.09–0.72)	Gyllenhammar et al. (2017)

Note: All concentration levels are expressed in ng/g lipid.

^aThe LOD and LOQ were reported as 0.5 and 2.5 ng/g lipid for HBCDD diastereomers. α‐, β‐ and γ‐HBCDD diastereoisomers were quantified in 8%, 3% and 3% of samples.

^b12 samples of each 10 mothers sampled over a period of 12 months.

^c11 pools from 109 first‐time mothers.

^d16 pools from 92 Irish primiparas.

^eThe LOQ for α‐HBCDD is given as 1 ng/g lipid and the frequency of detection as less than 30%.

^fPool of 84 samples from a rural area in Belgium.