Electrochemical impedance of the skin-electrode interface. a) Bode plot of the cutaneous impedance modulus for Ti3C2Tx and Au HDsEMG arrays compared with Natus pre-gelled Ag/AgCl disk electrodes. The skin treatment beneath all of the electrode types was the same (the PBS skin treatment). Data points represent means, shaded regions show standard deviations. nTi3C2Tx = nAu = 16 contacts, and nNatus = 6 contacts. b) Bode plot of the cutaneous impedance phase for the same electrodes as in (a). c) Scatter plot of the area-normalized 10 Hz impedance moduli for (from left to right): 16-channel Ti3C2Tx and Au HDsEMG arrays, Natus disposable disk electrodes, Covidien H124SG EMG pre-gelled Ag/AgCl electrodes, 3M Red Dot™ adhesive patches, and ConMed Cleartrace® 1700-O30 commercial electrodes. Data points represent individual channels for the HDsEMG arrays (n = 8 channels for each array). For Natus and Covidien, points represent individual electrodes (n = 6 separate contacts). Solid black lines denote means. Values for the 3M and Cleartrace contacts were obtained from product datasheets.