Table 2.

Cox model measured hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals of death associated treatment groups and covariates in diabetic patients with background metformin therapy.

	Event no.	Crude			Adjusted
Characteristics	(n = 182)	HR	(95% CI)	P value	HR	(95% CI)	P value
Treatment
Glimepiride	16	1	reference		1	reference
Insulin	166	13.33	(7.97–22.28)	<.001	14.19	(8.48–23.75)	<.001
Gender
Women	73	1	reference		1	reference
Men	109	1.27	(0.95–1.71)	.11	1.47	(1.09–1.99)	.01
Age, years
≤40	7	1	reference		1	reference
41–65	50	0.74	(0.34–1.64)	.47	0.78	(0.35–1.78)	.56
>65	125	1.97	(0.92–4.22)	.08	1.73	(0.76–3.95)	.19
Baseline comorbidity
Coronary artery disease
No	92	1	reference		1	reference
Yes	90	1.43	(1.07–1.91)	.02	1.1	(0.79–1.54)	.56
Stroke
No	114	1	reference		1	reference
Yes	68	1.34	(0.99–1.81)	.06	1.08	(0.79–1.48)	.64
Hypertension
No	32	1	reference		1	reference
Yes	150	1.8	(1.23–2.63)	.003	1.33	(0.87–2.03)	.19
Dyslipidemia
No	76	1	reference		1	reference
Yes	106	0.79	(0.59–1.06)	.11	0.73	(0.53–0.99)	.05
CCI scores
0, 1	50	1	reference		1	reference
2, 3	73	1.38	(0.96–1.98)	.08	1.29	(0.88–1.87)	.19
>3	59	1.66	(1.14–2.42)	.01	1.37	(0.91–2.07)	.14
DSCI scores
0	116	1	reference		1	reference
1	46	1.21	(0.86–1.7)	.28	0.92	(0.63–1.34)	.67
≥2	20	1.17	(0.73–1.88)	.52	0.66	(0.39–1.11)	.11
DM drugs
TZDs
No	172	1	reference		1	reference
Yes	10	0.43	(0.23–0.81)	.01	0.75	(0.39–1.43)	.38
AGIs
No	159	1	reference		1	reference
Yes	23	0.43	(0.28–0.66)	<.001	0.54	(0.34–0.84)	.01
DPP-4i
No	173	1	reference		1	reference
Yes	9	0.19	(0.1–0.37)	<.001	0.26	(0.13–0.52)	<.001