Table 1. Descriptive statistics of analytical samples.
| Variable | Frequency (%) | Prevalence of C-sec | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NFHS II (1999) | NFHS III (2006) | NFHS IV (2016) | NFHS II (1999) | NFHS III (2006) | NFHS IV (2016) | ||||
| Age at pregnancy | |||||||||
| <20 | 3,546 | (15.0) | 1,635 | (10.6) | 10,259 | (7.7) | 7.5 | 19.7 | 16.0 |
| ≧ 20 and <30 | 6,701 | (70.7) | 11,029 | (71.6) | 99,389 | (74.4) | 22.3 | 24.1 | 19.0 |
| ≧ 30 and <35 | 1,102 | (10.8) | 2,087 | (13.5) | 17,330 | (13.0) | 23.8 | 30.6 | 22.6 |
| ≧ 35 | 365 | (3.6) | 661 | (4.3) | 6,649 | (5.0) | 23.0 | 30.9 | 21.8 |
| Birth order | |||||||||
| First | 4,490 | (43.8) | 6,074 | (39.4) | 49,188 | (36.8) | 25.5 | 30.1 | 25.5 |
| Second | 3,046 | (29.7) | 5,487 | (35.6) | 46,258 | (34.6) | 20.8 | 26.1 | 20.9 |
| Third | 1,433 | (14.0) | 2,122 | (13.8) | 21,268 | (15.9) | 14.7 | 17.7 | 12.3 |
| Higher than four | 1,278 | (12.5) | 1,729 | (11.2) | 16,977 | (12.7) | 9.2 | 10.5 | 6.5 |
| Gender of baby | |||||||||
| Male | 5,422 | (52.9) | 8,417 | (54.6) | 72,980 | (54.6) | 21.6 | 24.7 | 19.3 |
| Female | 4,825 | (47.1) | 6,995 | (45.4) | 60,647 | (45.4) | 19.3 | 24.8 | 19.5 |
| Baby size | |||||||||
| Very large | 0 | (0) | 669 | (4.3) | 7,481 | (5.6) | 0 | 31.5 | 24.9 |
| Larger than average | 1,830 | (17.9) | 3,310 | (21.5) | 17,427 | (13.0) | 28.1 | 25.6 | 22.8 |
| Average | 6,132 | (59.8) | 8,571 | (55.6) | 93,597 | (70.0) | 18.8 | 24.3 | 18.4 |
| Smaller than average | 1,856 | (18.1) | 2,080 | (13.5) | 11,667 | (8.7) | 18.3 | 22.9 | 18.8 |
| Very small | 429 | (4.2) | 782 | (5.1) | 3,455 | (2.6) | 22.6 | 25.6 | 19.7 |
| Plurality of pregnancy | |||||||||
| Singleton | 10,099 | (98.6) | 15,250 | (98.9) | 132,479 | (99.1) | 20.4 | 24.6 | 19.2 |
| Twin or triplet | 158 | (1.5) | 162 | (1.1) | 1,148 | (0.9) | 28.5 | 37.7 | 38.7 |
| Mother’s height | |||||||||
| Not short (height≧155cm) | 2,980 | (29.1) | 5,102 | (33.1) | 39,578 | (29.6) | 19.9 | 25.3 | 20.5 |
| Short (height<155cm) | 7,267 | (70.9) | 10,310 | (66.9) | 94,049 | (70.4) | 20.8 | 24.5 | 18.9 |
| BMI | |||||||||
| >30 | 190 | (1.9) | 542 | (3.5) | 4,529 | (3.4) | 44.2 | 49.1 | 46.4 |
| ≧25 and <30 | 934 | (9.1) | 2,205 | (14.3) | 17,556 | (13.1) | 32.3 | 37.2 | 33.9 |
| ≧18.5 and <30 | 6,717 | (65.6) | 9,740 | (63.2) | 88,987 | (66.6) | 20.1 | 23.0 | 17.1 |
| <18.5 | 2,406 | (23.5) | 2,925 | (19.0) | 22,555 | (16.9) | 15.3 | 16.8 | 11.9 |
| Smoking | |||||||||
| No | 10,143 | (99.0) | 14,053 | (91.2) | 122,452 | (91.6) | 20.5 | 25.5 | 19.9 |
| Yes | 104 | (1.0) | 1,359 | (8.8) | 11,175 | (8.4) | 20.2 | 17.6 | 13.6 |
| Alcohol | |||||||||
| No | 10,125 | (98.8) | 15,159 | (98.4) | 131,519 | (98.4) | 20.6 | 24.7 | 19.5 |
| Yes | 122 | (1.2) | 253 | (1.6) | 2,108 | (1.6) | 17.2 | 28.1 | 15.3 |
| Complication | |||||||||
| No | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | 63,242 | (47.3) | n.a | n.a | 18.5 |
| Yes | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | 70,385 | (52.7) | n.a | n.a | 20.2 |
| Terminated pregnancy | |||||||||
| No | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | 119,124 | (89.1) | n.a | n.a | 18.9 |
| Yes | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | 11,063 | (10.9) | n.a | n.a | 23.7 |
| Maternal education | |||||||||
| No education | 2,274 | (22.2) | 2,573 | (16.7) | 30,042 | (22.5) | 14.1 | 15.2 | 8.9 |
| Primary graduate or less | 1,690 | (16.5) | 1,845 | (12.0) | 17,119 | (12.8) | 16.1 | 18.4 | 13.0 |
| Secondary graduate or less | 4,129 | (40.3) | 8,316 | (54.0) | 68,717 | (51.4) | 20.7 | 24.8 | 21.3 |
| Collage or above | 2,154 | (21.0) | 2,678 | (17.4) | 17,749 | (13.3) | 30.5 | 38.4 | 36.1 |
| Type of residence | |||||||||
| Urban | 5,068 | (49.5) | 8,892 | (57.7) | 38,129 | (28.5) | 22.7 | 27.3 | 28.6 |
| Rural | 5,179 | (50.5) | 6,520 | (42.3) | 95,498 | (71.5) | 18.4 | 21.3 | 15.7 |
| Caste | |||||||||
| Scheduled caste | 1,470 | (14.3) | 2,337 | (15.2) | 26,078 | (19.5) | 16.6 | 21.5 | 16.9 |
| Scheduled tribe | 916 | (8.9) | 1,500 | (9.7) | 22,847 | (17.1) | 14.8 | 15.9 | 12.6 |
| Other backward class | 2,978 | (29.1) | 5,144 | (33.4) | 57,082 | (42.7) | 21.9 | 23.9 | 19.6 |
| Others | 4,883 | (47.7) | 6,431 | 41.7) | 27,620 | (20.7) | 21.9 | 28.7 | 27.0 |
| Wealth level | |||||||||
| 1st quintile(poorest) | 522 | (5.1) | 694 | (4.5) | 25,109 | (18.8) | 17.4 | 12.8 | 6.9 |
| 2nd quintile | 915 | (8.9) | 1,337 | (8.7) | 28,192 | (21.1) | 12.3 | 16.3 | 11.7 |
| 3rd quintile | 1,721 | (16.8) | 2,633 | (17.1) | 28,453 | (21.3) | 14.4 | 17.9 | 19.1 |
| 4th quintile | 3,115 | (30.4) | 4,316 | (28.0) | 26,895 | (20.1) | 18.9 | 22.7 | 26.2 |
| 5th quintile(richest) | 3,974 | (38.8) | 6,432 | (41.7) | 24,978 | (18.7) | 26.7 | 32.0 | 33.8 |
| Insurance | |||||||||
| Covered | n.a | n.a | 1,110 | (7.2) | 20,456 | (15.3) | n.a | 32.3 | 22.5 |
| Not covered | n.a | n.a | 14,302 | (92.8) | 113,171 | (84.7) | n.a | 24.2 | 18.9 |
| Type of provider | |||||||||
| Public | 5,593 | (54.6) | 7,972 | (51.7) | 94,363 | (70.6) | 16.6 | 18.7 | 11.1 |
| Private | 4,654 | (45.4) | 7,440 | (48.3) | 39,264 | (29.4) | 25.2 | 31.3 | 39.4 |
| Antenatal care ≧ 4 times | |||||||||
| No | 3,546 | (34.6) | 4,088 | (26.5) | 60,924 | (45.6) | 12.8 | 15.1 | 12.3 |
| Yes | 6,701 | (65.4) | 11,324 | (73.5) | 72,703 | (54.4) | 24.6 | 28.3 | 25.4 |
| Total | 10,247 | 15,412 | 133,627 | ||||||
| Prevalence | 20.5 | 24.8 | 19.4 | ||||||