Table 1.
Characteristics of 98,557 children under five included in individual analysis from the Demographic and Health Survey 2014–2015 by anemia category.
| Variable | Total(n = 98,557) | Anemica,b (n = 62,100) | Not anemic(n = 36,457) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) (mean (SD)) | 10.4 (1.6) | 9.5 (1.2) | 11.9 (0.8) |
| PM2.5 exposure (μg m–3) (mean (SD)) | 53.3 (23.3) | 55.7 (22.5) | 49.1 (23.9) |
| Sex (%) | |||
| Female | 51.1 | 50.5 | 52.1 |
| Age (yrs) (mean (SD)) | 2.1 (1.3) | 1.9 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.4) |
| DDSb (%) | |||
| 0 | 31.1 | 31.4 | 30.7 |
| 1 | 23.2 | 24.0 | 22.0 |
| 3 | 30.8 | 31.1 | 30.2 |
| 6 | 14.8 | 12.4 | 17.1 |
| Secondhand smoke (%) | |||
| Yes | 57.6 | 57.4 | 58.0 |
| Wealth Indexc (%) | |||
| Poorest | 28.3 | 30.3 | 25.0 |
| Poorer | 24.3 | 24.0 | 24.9 |
| Middle | 20.1 | 19.7 | 20.8 |
| Richer | 15.6 | 15.0 | 16.8 |
| Richest | 11.6 | 11.0 | 12.4 |
| Residence type (%) | |||
| Urban | 21.6 | 21.3 | 22.3 |
| Cooking fuel (%) | |||
| Clean fuel | 26.3 | 25.1 | 28.2 |
| Kerosene | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
| Biomass | 73.0 | 74.2 | 71.0 |
| Maternal anemia (%) | |||
| Yes | 58.1 | 64.0 | 47.9 |
| BMId (%) | |||
| –2 SD | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.6 |
| Median | 94.2 | 94.3 | 94.1 |
| +2 SD | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.3 |
aChild considered anemic if blood hemoglobin <11.0 g/dL.
bDDS is a composite measure of diet quality used as a proxy for iron deficiency. It is calculated by considering consumption of various food groups (see Methods). Cutoffs determined by quartiles of DDS (DDS range is 0–6).
cWealth index was determined using household-level cores based on quality/quantity of consumer goods, transportation method, toilet facilities, and flooring materials. Scores were divided into quintiles from lowest to highest.
dChildren with BMI z-scores that are -2 SD or more from the median are considered underweight; children with BMI z scores that are +2 SD or more from the median are considered overweight.
BMI, body mass index; DDS, diet diversity score.