Table 2.
District- and individual-level effects of every 10 μg m–3 increase in ambient PM2.5 exposure on hemoglobin and anemia in India (number of districts: 638 and number of children: 98,557).
| Ecologicala,c | Sample size (n) | Change in Hb (g/dL) (95% CI) | Change in anemia prevalence (%) (95% CI) |
| 638 | –0.07 (–0.09, –0.05) | 1.90 (1.43, 2.36) | |
| Individualb,d | Sample size (n) | Change in Hb (g/dL) (95% CI) | Adjusted odds ratio of anemia (95% CI) |
| 98,557 | –0.14 (–0.16, –0.12) | 1.09 (1.06, 1.11) |
aAnalysis unit for ecological analysis was district, PM2.5 exposure modeled as long-term district average (2010–2015).
bAnalysis unit for individual analysis was individual child, PM2.5 exposure modeled as average individual exposure from birth month to month of interview.
cFinal models were adjusted by average DDS, percent female, proportion of children exposed to secondhand smoke, percent urban (vs. rural), average BMI z score, percent biomass, and average wealth index.
dFinal models were adjusted by sex, DDS, age in years, residence type (urban vs. rural), maternal anemia status, (household) biomass exposure, individual wealth index, individual BMI z score, and secondhand smoke exposure; district-level random effects.
BMI, body mass index; DDS, diet diversity score.