Table 3.
Relationship Between EQ-5D Utility Score and Select Respondent Characteristics, Estimated by OLS Regression
| Predictor | Estimate | Lower 97.5% CI | Upper 97.5% CI | Std. error | P value* | E-value | E-value 95% CL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 0.801 | 0.649 | 0.952 | 0.067 | <0.001 | 54.162 | 31.309 |
| Gender, male | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
| Gender, female | −0.011 | −0.032 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.246 | 1.267 | 1.000 |
| Gender, prefer not to say | −0.095 | −0.245 | 0.055 | 0.067 | 0.157 | 2.324 | 1.000 |
| Gender, other | −0.203 | −0.363 | −0.044 | 0.071 | 0.004 | 4.055 | 1.932 |
| Age group, 18–24 | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
| Age group, 25–34 | 0.063 | 0.019 | 0.106 | 0.019 | 0.001 | 1.918 | 1.467 |
| Age group, 35–44 | 0.078 | 0.033 | 0.124 | 0.020 | <0.001 | 2.104 | 1.626 |
| Age group, 45–54 | 0.058 | 0.008 | 0.109 | 0.023 | 0.010 | 1.857 | 1.297 |
| Age group, 55–64 | 0.063 | 0.014 | 0.112 | 0.022 | 0.004 | 1.918 | 1.391 |
| Age group, ≥65 | 0.083 | 0.029 | 0.138 | 0.024 | 0.001 | 2.168 | 1.592 |
| Race, White | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
| Race, American Indian or Alaska Native | 0.109 | −0.015 | 0.234 | 0.055 | 0.048 | 2.513 | 1.083 |
| Race, Asian | 0.045 | 0.006 | 0.085 | 0.018 | 0.010 | 1.700 | 1.249 |
| Race, Black or African American | −0.004 | −0.043 | 0.034 | 0.017 | 0.807 | 1.147 | 1.000 |
| Race, multiple-race | −0.055 | −0.120 | 0.010 | 0.029 | 0.058 | 1.821 | 1.000 |
| Race, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | −0.205 | −0.446 | 0.036 | 0.107 | 0.057 | 4.094 | 1.000 |
| Race, other | 0.084 | −0.017 | 0.184 | 0.045 | 0.061 | 2.181 | 1.000 |
| Race, prefer not to say | 0.114 | −0.039 | 0.268 | 0.068 | 0.095 | 2.583 | 1.000 |
| Hispanic ethnicity, no | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
| Hispanic ethnicity, prefer not to say | 0.002 | −0.137 | 0.141 | 0.062 | 0.974 | 1.100 | 1.000 |
| Hispanic ethnicity, yes | −0.056 | −0.093 | −0.018 | 0.017 | 0.001 | 1.833 | 1.427 |
| Marital status, single | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
| Marital status, divorced | −0.004 | −0.044 | 0.035 | 0.018 | 0.807 | 1.147 | 1.000 |
| Marital status, married | −0.045 | −0.072 | −0.018 | 0.012 | <0.001 | 1.700 | 1.412 |
| Marital status, prefer not to say | 0.035 | −0.085 | 0.154 | 0.053 | 0.513 | 1.579 | 1.000 |
| Marital status, separated | −0.042 | −0.148 | 0.064 | 0.047 | 0.374 | 1.664 | 1.000 |
| Marital status, widowed | −0.004 | −0.068 | 0.060 | 0.029 | 0.881 | 1.147 | 1.000 |
| Annual income, less than $20,000 | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
| Annual income, $20,000 to $34,999 | 0.032 | −0.011 | 0.074 | 0.019 | 0.094 | 1.543 | 1.000 |
| Annual income, $35,000 to $49,999 | 0.050 | 0.008 | 0.092 | 0.019 | 0.008 | 1.760 | 1.294 |
| Annual income, $50,000 to $74,999 | 0.085 | 0.044 | 0.125 | 0.018 | <0.001 | 2.193 | 1.758 |
| Annual income, $75,000 to $99,999 | 0.077 | 0.033 | 0.120 | 0.020 | <0.001 | 2.092 | 1.614 |
| Annual income, $100,000 to $149,999 | 0.097 | 0.048 | 0.145 | 0.022 | <0.001 | 2.350 | 1.808 |
| Annual income, over $150,000 | 0.146 | 0.084 | 0.207 | 0.028 | <0.001 | 3.057 | 2.274 |
| Education, less than high school degree | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
| Education, High school degree or equivalent (e.g., GED) | 0.050 | −0.099 | 0.199 | 0.066 | 0.451 | 1.760 | 1.000 |
| Education, some college but no degree | 0.027 | −0.120 | 0.174 | 0.066 | 0.679 | 1.481 | 1.000 |
| Education, associate degree | 0.035 | −0.114 | 0.183 | 0.066 | 0.601 | 1.579 | 1.000 |
| Education, bachelor degree | 0.024 | −0.123 | 0.170 | 0.065 | 0.718 | 1.443 | 1.000 |
| Education, graduate degree | 0.031 | −0.117 | 0.180 | 0.066 | 0.633 | 1.531 | 1.000 |
| Live alone | −0.033 | −0.061 | −0.005 | 0.012 | 0.008 | 1.555 | 1.244 |
| Experienced COVID-19-like symptoms not serious enough to require hospitalization | −0.039 | −0.074 | −0.003 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 1.628 | 1.215 |
| Has a family member diagnosed with COVID-19 | −0.090 | −0.138 | −0.042 | 0.021 | <0.001 | 2.258 | 1.747 |
| Knows someone with a COVID-19 diagnosis | −0.012 | −0.039 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.294 | 1.282 | 1.000 |
| Fear of COVID-19’s impact on health (1–10 scale) | −0.013 | −0.017 | −0.009 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 1.296 | 1.238 |
| Fear of COVID-19’s impact on finances (1–10 scale) | −0.002 | −0.006 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.191 | 1.100 | 1.000 |
Abbreviations: OLS ordinary least squares, CI confidence interval, CL confidence limit, BMI body mass index, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019
*Significance level: 0.025