Table 3.
CK1δ-specific substrates. Substrates reported for CK1δ-targeted phosphorylation (in vitro and in vivo) are listed and grouped according to their associated functions. Only substrates reported for human CK1δ or appropriate orthologous proteins (e.g. in yeast species) are included.
| Substrates | References |
|---|---|
| Cancer-associated proteins: | |
| – Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) | (Gao et al., 2002) |
| – Axin | (Gao et al., 2002) |
| – β-Catenin | (Amit et al., 2002) |
| – Full-length cubitus interruptus (Ci-155) | (Price and Kalderon, 2002) |
| – Dishevelled (Dvl) | (Gao et al., 2002) |
| – Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (nm23-H1) | (Garzia et al., 2008) |
| – Dapper1a (Dpr1a) | (Teran et al., 2009) |
| – Fat | (Sopko et al., 2009) |
| – Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) | (Smal et al., 2010) |
| – Yes-associated protein (YAP) | (Zhao et al., 2010) |
| – Metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1) | (Zhong et al., 2013) |
| – Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4 (NEDD4) | (Liu et al., 2014) |
| – Sprouty2 (SPRY2) | (Yim et al., 2014) |
| Control of mitotic or meiotic processes: | |
| – Meiotic recombination protein Rec8 (Rec8) | (Ishiguro et al., 2010) |
| – Endogenous meiotic inhibitor 2 (Emi2) | (Isoda et al., 2011) |
| – Wee1 | (Penas et al., 2014) |
| Cytoskeleton-associated and scaffolding proteins: | |
| – Annexin II/lipocortin II | (Gao et al., 2000) |
| – Desmoglein 2 | (Gao et al., 2000) |
| – Keratin 17 | (Gao et al., 2000) |
| – Microtubule-associated protein 1A (MAP1A) | (Wolff et al., 2005) |
| – Microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) | (Behrend et al., 2000b) |
| – Stathmin | (Behrend et al., 2000b) |
| – Tau | (Behrend et al., 2000b) |
| – α/β-Tubulin | (Behrend et al., 2000b) |
| – γ-Tubulin | (Behrend et al., 2000b) |
| – Connexin-43 (Cx43) | (Cooper and Lampe, 2002) |
| – Ras homolog family members A and B | (Kawakami et al., 2008) |
| – End-binding 1 (EB1) | (Zyss et al., 2011) |
| – Sid4 | (Johnson et al., 2013) |
| – Ran-binding protein in the microtubule-organizing center (RanBPM) | (Wolff et al., 2015) |
| DNA-/RNA-associated proteins: | |
| – Chromatin-associated protein swi6 (Swi6) | (Ho et al., 1997) |
| – Heterogeneous nuclear ribo-nucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) | (Gao et al., 2000) |
| – Putative RNA helicase | (Gao et al., 2000) |
| – Nuclear factor of activated T cells 1, 2, and 4 (NFAT1, 2, 4) | (Okamura et al., 2004) |
| – Forkhead box G1 (FoxG1) | (Regad et al., 2007) |
| – Topoisomerase Iiα (TOP2A) | (Grozav et al., 2009) |
| – DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) | (Sugiyama et al., 2010) |
| – Ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING finger domains 1 protein (UHRF1) | (Chen et al., 2013) |
| – Yeast sterol regulatory element-binding protein homolog (Sre1N) | (Brookheart et al., 2014) |
| Golgi- and vesicle-associated proteins: | |
| – ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein (ARF GAP1) | (Yu and Roth, 2002) |
| – Snapin | (Wolff et al., 2006) |
| – Protein kinase D2 (PKD2) | (von Blume et al., 2007) |
| – Synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) | (Zhang et al., 2015a) |
| Mediators of cellular stress: | |
| – Tumor protein 53 (p53) | (Knippschild et al., 1997) |
| – Murine double minute 2 homolog (Mdm2) | (Winter et al., 2004) |
| – Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) | (Kalousi et al., 2010) |
| Proteins associated to neurodegenerative processes: | |
| – Presenilin-2 (PS-2) | (Walter et al., 1998) |
| – Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) | (Sharma et al., 1999) |
| – α-Synuclein | (Okochi et al., 2000) |
| – β-Secretase (BACE1) | (Walter, Fluhrer et al. 2001) |
| – Parkin | (Yamamoto et al., 2005) |
| – Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) | (Shanware et al., 2007) |
| – Myelin basic protein (MBP) | (Kawakami et al., 2008) |
| – TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) | (Nonaka et al., 2016) |
| Receptors and receptor-associated proteins: | |
| – Transmembrane tumor necrosis factor α (mTNFα) | (Watts et al., 1999) |
| – Amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1) | (Giamas et al., 2009) |
| – Estrogen receptor α (Erα) | (Giamas et al., 2009) |
| – Adiponectin | (Xu et al., 2015) |
| Regulation of circadian rhythm: | |
| – Period circadian protein homolog 1–2 | (Camacho et al., 2001) |
| – Cryptochromes 1 (CRY1) and 2 (CRY2) | (Walton et al., 2009) |
| – Proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) | (Li et al., 2011b) |
| Ribosome-related proteins: | |
| – Nucleolar protein 56 (Nop56) | (Gao et al., 2000) |
| – Ribosomal proteins L4 (RPL4), L8 (RPL8), L13 (RPL13) | (Gao et al., 2000) |
| – Eukaryotic initiation factor 6 (eIF6)/Tif6p49 | (Biswas et al., 2011) |
| – Essential nuclear protein 1 (ENP1)/bystin-like protein (BYSL) | (Zemp et al., 2014) |
| – LTV1 | (Zemp et al., 2014) |
| Viral proteins: | |
| – Human cytomegalovirus phosphoprotein (ppUL44) | (Alvisi et al., 2011) |
| – Human herpes virus (HHV) E3 ubiquitin ligase (ICP0) | (Chaurushiya et al., 2012) |
| – Simian virus 40 large T-antigen (SV40 T-Ag) | (Hirner et al., 2012) |